HBA FINAL EXAM PART A, Questions with answers, Rated A. 2022/2023

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HBA FINAL EXAM PART A, Questions with answers, Rated A. 2022/2023 Studying the function of the brain and spinal cord would best fall under which category? a. peripheral nervous system physiology... b. central nervous system physiology c. organic physiology d. cellular physiology e. organic anatomy - ✔✔b. central nervous system physiology Carbohydrates: a. are found in the nucleus of all cells b. include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides c. are responsible for structural support of the plasma membrane d. include triglycerides, fatty acids and phospholipids e. are packaged in the rough endoplasmic reticulum - ✔✔b. include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides In protein synthesis, transcription: W. involves copying of DNA to mRNA X. turns the mRNA sequence into a polypeptide Y. occurs in the nucleus Z. occurs in the cytoplasm a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct - ✔✔b. if only W and Y are correct will: a. swell, possibly burst b. nothing, there is no gradient for the movement of water c. crenate d. shrink e. swell, as the solution is hypertonic - ✔✔a. swell, possibly burst In facilitated diffusion: a. energy is required for transport b. solutes move down their concentration gradients c. the process is described as 'active' d. solutes transported are large proteins e. all of the above are correct - ✔✔b. solutes move down their concentration gradients Which of the following statements/s is/are TRUE?: W. the inside membrane of an excitable cell is negative compared to the outside X. the resting membrane potential depends on the movement of negative ions only Y. the -70mV RMP value results in part from the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ Z. the inside membrane of an excitable cell is -55mV a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct - ✔✔b. if only W and Y are correct On what section of the neuron do action potentials mostly propagate? a. synaptic terminal b. axon hillock c. soma d. axon e. dendrite - ✔✔d. axon What type of ion channels on a neuron contribute to the resting membrane potential? a. chemically-gated channels b. voltage-gated channels c. mechanically-gated channels d. ligand-gated channels e. leak channels - ✔✔e. leak channels Which term best describes a subthreshold change in the membrane potential of a neuron? a. graded potential b. hyperpolarisation c. repolarisation d. depolarisation e. action potential - ✔✔a. graded potential Which statement/s is/are TRUE? W. a decrease in conduction velocity of an action potential occurs with large diameter axons and myelin sheath X. during the relative refractory period, it is impossible to generate a second action potential Y. the hyperpolarisation phase of an action potential is due to fast closing voltage-gated K+ channels Z. myelinated axons result in the saltatory propagation of action potentials a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct - ✔✔d. if only Z is correct What would happen to the resting membrane potential (RMP) of an excitable cell if the Na+/K+ ATPase pump was inhibited? W. the RMP would approach 0 mV X. the neuron would still be able to generate an action potential Y. the amount of Na+ and K+ ions would become equal on both sides of the membrane Z. RMP would not change a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct - ✔✔b. if only W and Y are correct Anabolic steroids are sometimes abused by bodybuilders, so they can gain larger muscles rapidly. These artificial hormones have the same chemical structure as the lipid soluble endogenous hormone 'testosterone'. These hormones: a. require a membrane bound protein to send a signal to the inside of the cell b. remain in circulation for long periods of time c. are hydrophilic in nature d. signal via a secondary messenger system e. do not need a protein carrier to move around the bloodstream - ✔✔b. remain in circulation for long periods of time Karen goes to see her doctor as she is feeling lethargic, sensitive to cold temperatures and has gained weight. She also feels like her neck is 'swollen'. The doctor runs some tests and finds some of her hormone levels are out of normal range. Which of these hormones is likely to be LOW? a. thyroxine (T4) b. oxytocin c. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) d. norepinephrine e. thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) - ✔✔a. thyroxine (T4) The posterior pituitary gland: W. receives information via the hypophyseal portal system X. receives information via the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract Y. accepts instructions in the form of releasing or inhibiting hormones Z. is signalled by action potentials to secrete oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct - ✔✔c. if only X and Z are correct Which of the following statements regarding blood components is CORRECT? a. blood plasma consists of water, plasma protein, formed elements and other solutes b. centrifuged blood will result in plasma sitting at the top and red blood cells to the bottom of the tube c. formed elements of blood include: red blood cells, white blood cells and stem cells d. high haematocrit levels indicate anaemia (a condition where people feel fatigued) e. red blood cells make up the majority of the blood plasma known as the haematocrit - ✔✔b. centrifuged blood will result in plasma sitting at the top and red blood cells to the bottom of the tube [Show More]

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