Module 1: Ike/TICA Questions & Answers. 100% Verified. Rated A. 2022/2023

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Module 1: Ike/TICA Questions & Answers. 100% Verified. Rated A. 2022/2023 How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis? A theory is an overall explanation for a major pheno... menon or observation and includes hypotheses; hypotheses treat more specific observations. Theories are proposed to test scientific hypotheses. Theories define scientific laws; hypotheses are used to set up experiments. A hypothesis is an explanation for a major phenomenon or observation and includes theories; theories treat more specific observations. - ✔✔A theory is an overall explanation for a major phenomenon or observation and includes hypotheses; hypotheses treat more specific observations. Which of the following statements by Sherlock Holmes, the great ficitonal detective, express an important part of Platt's ideas of strong inference as applied to scientific inquiry? (select all that apply) It is a capital mistake to theorize before you have all the evidence. It biases the judgment. the grand thing is to be able to reason backward when you have excluded the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth We balance probabilities and choose the most likely One should always look for a possible alternative, and provide against it - ✔✔It is a capital mistake to theorize before you have all the evidence. It biases the judgment. when you have excluded the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth One should always look for a possible alternative, and provide against it Which of the following is/are NOT a general characteristic of life on Earth? (Select all that apply.) Requires an energy source Composed of cells containing membrane-bound organelles Has a hereditary mechanism for encoding and transmitting information from one generation to the next. Can replicate via sexual reproduction Individuals shape and are shaped by their environment - ✔✔Can replicate via sexual reproduction Composed of cells containing membrane-bound organelles Which of these factors are required for biological evolution to occur? (Select all that apply.) heritable variation in the population natural selection variation in acquired traits among individuals in the population a large population many generations - ✔✔heritable variation in the population What did Darwin propose in his theory of evolution? (Select all that apply.) Species evolve by natural selection Currently existing species share a common ancestor Evolution occurs by sudden occurrence of many heritable changes Evolution occurred rapidly in the past but is no longer occurring Individuals change in response to their environment and pass their characteristics on to their descendants - ✔✔Species evolve by natural selection Currently existing species share a common ancestor Tardigrades (water bears) are small segmented animals with eight legs. They can survive extreme dehydration (from ~70% to ~10% body water) for decades. How could you demonstrate that dehydrated tardigrades are alive? Record their movement, because movement is characteristic of all life. Record their temperature, because all living organisms maintain body temperatures different from their environment. Record their energy use, because all living organisms acquire and use energy. None of the options listed demonstrate that the dehydrated tardigrades are alive. - ✔✔Record their energy use, because all living organisms acquire and use energy. Birds and bats both have forelimbs shaped as wings for flight. Are their forelimbs homologous or analogous? homologous analogous beats me... - ✔✔homologous Charles Darwin proposed a mechanism for descent with modification which stated that organisms of a particular species are adapted to their environment when they possess: non-inheritable traits that enhance their reproductive success in the local environment. non-inheritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment. inheritable traits that decrease their survival and reproductive success in the local environment. inheritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment. non-inheritable traits that enhance their survival in the local environment. - ✔✔inheritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment. Birds and bats both have forelimbs shaped as wings for flight. Are their wings homologous or analogous? homologous analogous beats me... - ✔✔analogous Evolution is the net result of a number of interacting processes including: Strong selection for environmentally-induced (i.e., not hereditary) characteristics. Random generation of new characteristics that have at least some hereditary component. Directed mutation to produce new adaptive characteristics. Competition for resources None of the above. - ✔✔Random generation of new characteristics that have at least some hereditary component. Competition for resources How might the fossil record test (falsify) the hypothesis that tetrapod limb bone structures are homologous? - ✔✔One way would be if fossils of a common ancestor had a different bone structure, or if fossils of the earliest species of each of these groups had different bone structures. Such fossil evidence would support the alternative hypothesis that these groups of animals somehow converged on a common bone structure in their evolutionary history. How does natural selection explain how bacterial populations evolve resistance to antibiotics? Select the single best answer. antibiotics cause resistance mutations in bacteria, that are then passed on to their progeny individual bacteria adapt to antibiotics individual bacteria adapt to antibiotics and pass on their adaptations to their progeny rare, resistant mutant bacteria in the population survive antibiotic treatment - ✔✔rare, resistant mutant bacteria in the population survive antibiotic treatment What conditions lead to evolution by natural selection? (Select all that apply.) unlimited resources competition for limiting resources heritable variation in the population large population heritable traits affecting the rate of birth or death - ✔✔competition for limiting resources heritable traits affecting the rate of birth or death Can evolution occur in a population of immortal organisms (that is, there is no death) given unlimited resources to reproduce? no- without the 'struggle' for survival, there can be no selection yes- as long as there is heritable variation in reproductive rates - ✔✔yes- as long as there is heritable variation in reproductive rates Which of the following statements is/are accurate? (Select all that apply.) Natural selection works on variation already present in a population. Evolution by natural selection results from selection on both heritable and non-heritable traits. Individuals evolve through natural selection. Organisms evolve structures that they need. None of the statements are true. - ✔✔Natural selection works on variation already present in a population. Which statement describes the canary with the greatest biological fitness? canary that lives to be 3 years old and has four offspring, two of which survive to reproduce themselves canary that lives to be 5 years old and has five offspring, one of which survives to reproduce canary that lives to be 2 years old and has four offspring, all of which survive to reproduce themselves canary that lives to be 7 years old and has two offspring, all of which survive to reproduce All are equally fit Cannot be determined from the information given - ✔✔canary that lives to be 2 years old and has four offspring, all of which survive to reproduce themselves Selection that results in elimination of extreme phenotypes and enrichment for the 'average' phenotype in the population is best described as: Disruptive Stabilizing Balancing Directional - ✔✔Stabilizing What is required for biological evolution to occur? natural selection variation in acquired (non heritable) traits among individuals in the population large population genetic variation in traits that affect fitness (affect survival and reproduction) many generations - ✔✔genetic variation in traits that affect fitness (affect survival and reproduction) Which of the following statements is/are accurate? Individuals evolve through natural selection. Organisms evolve structures that they need. Natural selection works on variation already present in a population. Both A and C. Both B and C. - ✔✔Natural selection works on variation already present in a population. The evolution by natural selection of HIV resistance to AZT is an example of Stabilizing selection Directional selection Disruptive selection Frequency-dependent balancing selection Heterozygote advantage balancing selection - ✔✔Directional selection Use the terms terms below to explain the consequences of evolution by natural selection in AZT resistance in HIV Answer fitness adaptation average phenotype genetic diversity - ✔✔fitness - Resistant HIV virions survive to have higher relative reproduction than susceptible ones. adaptation - Resistance to AZT is trait (or feature) that increases relative survival and reproduction in those that have it. average phenotype - Shifts from susceptible before selection to highly resistant afterward. genetic diversity - The initial population had one virion type, then mutation increased that to three. Selection weeded out two types. In malarial regions of Nigeria, two morphs of red blood cells are encoded by two alleles, A = normal and S = sickle cells, with relative fitnesses of the three genotypes in the population given below. This is an example of Stabilizing selection Directional selection Disruptive selection Frequency-dependent balancing selection Heterozygote advantage balancing selection - ✔✔Heterozygote advantage balancing selection Humans babies with low birth weights have increased mortality from neonatal infection and other causes; high birth weight babies often die of complications to during childbirth. This is an example of Stabilizing selection Directional selection Disruptive selection Frequency-dependent balancing selection Heterozygote advantage balancing selection - ✔✔Stabilizing selection Platt argues that "strong inference" is the systematic practice of which of the following?1) Devising alternative hypotheses.2) Devising a crucial experiment with alternative possible outcomes that exclude one or more of the hypotheses.3) Carrying out a controlled experiment to get a clean result.4) Repeating steps 1-3 to refine the hypothetical possibilities that remain. Step 1 only. Step 3 only. Steps 1-3 but not 4. All 4 steps are necessary. Steps 1 and 3 are necessary and sufficient. - ✔✔All 4 steps are necessary. Evolution is the change in __________________ over time. the phenotype of an individual the genotype of an individual the distribution of phenotypes within a population the frequency of genetic variants (alleles) within a population the distribution of phenotypes within a species - ✔✔the frequency of genetic variants (alleles) within a population Biological fitness is based on: How many surviving offspring an individual has How many surviving offspring an individual has, relative to others in the population How long an individual lives How long an individual lives, relative to others in the population How many resources and individual has access to How well an individual competes with others How many surviving offspring an individual has, balanced against other factors incuding how long the indivudal lives, how well it competes with others, etc. - ✔✔How many surviving offspring an individual has, relative to others in the population Which of the following processes play(s) a critical role in the evolution by natural selection? Abundant resources and lack of competition among organisms. Differences in reproductive success of individuals. [Show More]

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