KAPLAN Practice Test 5 Review 159 Questions with Verified Answers,100% CORRECT

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KAPLAN Practice Test 5 Review 159 Questions with Verified Answers What is the formula for the first law of thermodynamics for work done on a gas? - CORRECT ANSWER ∆U= Q + W U=internal energy o... f gas Q= heat added to gas W= work done on the gas in an isobaric process what is the rewritten form of the first law of thermodynamics? - CORRECT ANSWER The rewritten form= ∆U= Q+ (-P∆V) there are two extra terms for an isovolumetric process, what are they? - CORRECT ANSWER isochoric and isometric T or F: PV is constant in an isothermic process? - CORRECT ANSWER T what process of gas change involves the absence of heat exchange? - CORRECT ANSWER an adiabatic process area underneath a PV curve is equal to what? - CORRECT ANSWER work entropy is, according to Boltzmann, what in a formula? - CORRECT ANSWER S= k ln(W) W= multiplicity k= Boltzmann's constant the second law of thermodynamics explains that heat will flow from warm locations to cool locations. what principle of physics underlies this law? - CORRECT ANSWER entropy, for disordered macrostates there are significantly more microstates of molecules positions and so it is infinitely more likely for molecules to end up disordered or hot than cold. What is Charles' Law? - CORRECT ANSWER At constant pressure, volume and temperature are proportional V1/T1=V2/T2 when is it most likely that nuclear fission will occur? - CORRECT ANSWER when an atom is induced with the energy of a neutron a single atom may be split into two. nuclear fusion occurs all the time at the sun where what exactly occurs? - CORRECT ANSWER two Hydrogen atoms are fused together to form helium. This releases a whole lot of energy every second. T or F: pKa values for weak acids are always positive? - CORRECT ANSWER T If heat being added to a reaction causes the reaction to generate more of the product, or more dissolution occurs what is a known property of the reaction as far as negative or positives go. - CORRECT ANSWER ∆H>0 (endothermic) heat must be a reactant. T or F: all nitrates are soluble. - CORRECT ANSWER T what 6 different ions are categorically soluble in water--with exceptions? - CORRECT ANSWER Nitrates, Acetates, Group 1 cations, Sulfates, Ammonium, Group 7 anions Is AgCl soluble or insoluble? - CORRECT ANSWER Because silver is one of the exceptions for the solubility of group 7 elements this compound is NOT SOLUBLE Is PbBr2 soluble? - CORRECT ANSWER No, because lead is insoluble with sulfates and group 7 elements. Is silver NO3 soluble? - CORRECT ANSWER T, silver nitrate and silver acetate are the only two common silver compounds that are soluble. THIS IS EASY TO REMEMBER!!!! an imine carbon has how many bonds to a nitrogen? - CORRECT ANSWER two L amino acids could also be called what? - CORRECT ANSWER S amino acids D amino acids have what absolute configuration? - CORRECT ANSWER R what is 3^-3? - CORRECT ANSWER 1/ 27 or 1/ anything to the zeroeth power that is not zero will equal what? - CORRECT ANSWER 1 The tollen's test is used to determine if there is what in solution? how is this done? - CORRECT ANSWER aldehydes are tested for by using the Tollen's reagent (Ag+NO3-) to oxidize the aldehydes in solution to carboxylate anions. if a person wants to determine just what sort of alcohol they have in solution what reagent might they use? - CORRECT ANSWER Lucas reagent In the Lucas test what reagent is added to the alcohol solution in question? - CORRECT ANSWER ZnCl2 and HCl in order to determine what sort of alcohol is in solution. If the reaction proceeds quickly then it is significantly more likely that the solution contains a tertiary alcohol given that there is a tertiary carbocation intermediate involved in the affair. What Test is used to find whether or not there are primary and secondary (not tertiary) alcohols in solution? - CORRECT ANSWER The chromic acid test is easy for this purpose? In the chromic acid test what occurs to the chromium ion in solution? - CORRECT ANSWER The chromium is reduced from its +6 oxidation state to a positive 3 state as it facilitates the oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols to ketones. If H2CrO4 is added to a solution containing a primary alcohols what compound functional group will be generated? - CORRECT ANSWER a carboxylic acid. If the chromic acid test is positive what color change will result? - CORRECT ANSWER the solution will change from orange to green/blue as the oxidation of the alcohol occurs. which is a better reducing agent, a primary or a tertiary alcohol? - CORRECT ANSWER a primary alcohol given that a primary alcohol is able to be oxidized while a tertiary alcohol is resistant to oxidation --this is demonstrated well by the chromic acid test that relies on the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols. what method of separation is used to separate a precipitate from its solution? - CORRECT ANSWER filtration what method of separation is used to separate two compounds that are imiscible in one another? - CORRECT ANSWER separation with a separatory funnel. in a concentration cell in what direction do the electrons flow? - CORRECT ANSWER Because there is a greater positive charge in the more concentrated solution electrons flow from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution in order that positive charge will be built up in the formerly less concentrated cell until equilibrium is attained. if one knows that a single mol of a compound is 300g or 0.3 kg how will one calculate the mass of one particle within that compound? - CORRECT ANSWER simply by dividing the mass of the compound by the amount of particles that make up that compound which is, for one mole, always going to be 6.022 *10^23. OK. when to use avogadro's number. an imine functional group is what? - CORRECT ANSWER an N=C is an imine. what is the difference between a benzyl functional group and a phenyl functional group? - CORRECT ANSWER a phenyl has only a substituent attached to the ring while a benzyl has a carbon between the ring and any substituents that may appear. what, beyond acid will the deacylation of aspirin require to become hydrolyzed? - CORRECT ANSWER water ester hydrolysis results in the creation of what product under acidic conditions? - CORRECT ANSWER a carboxylic acid do rate laws typically relate to reactant or products? - CORRECT ANSWER reactants, usually the rate at which the reactants disappear. what step of an extended reaction determines the reaction rate law? - CORRECT ANSWER the rate determining step of a reaction is the crucial step. if all the unsaturated phospholipids in a membrane were through an enzyme converted to saturated versions of themselves what effect would this most noticeably have on the membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER This would decrease membrane fluidity. in order to determine the energy density of a capacitor what formula may be used? - CORRECT ANSWER energy density = PE/Ad PE= electric potential energy A= area d= distance between plates what is the potential energy of a capacitor equal to? - CORRECT ANSWER PE= 1/2QV Q = charge of If the myelin sheath is considered to be a sort of capacitor system what two factors influence the capacitance of the sheath? - CORRECT ANSWER the area of the "plates" and the distance between the "plates". Thus unmyelinated axons, which are thinner, will have lower capacitances. L to R across the periodic table does ionization energy decrease or increase? - CORRECT ANSWER increase Despite trends in ionization energy Al loses electrons more readily than Mg, why is this the case? - CORRECT ANSWER Al experiences more electron shielding and so its only p orbital electron is actually easily lost. in paramagnetic or diamagnetic electron configurations are the electrons not paired? - CORRECT ANSWER paramagnetic for Na which ionization energy will be larger, its first or second? - CORRECT ANSWER the second will be dramatically larger given that one will be fighting to remove an electron from a completed P shell. T or F: the second ionization energy is always larger than the first? - CORRECT ANSWER True how many calories per gram are generated by the metabolism of fats? - CORRECT ANSWER 9kcal per gram. how many kcal/g are yielded by the metabolism of carbs and proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER 4kcal/gram when both parents are unaffected but all the male children get the disease what inheritance pattern is demonstrated? - CORRECT ANSWER x-linked recessive. T or F: myosin also functions as an ATPase? - CORRECT ANSWER T what are five key differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle cells? - CORRECT ANSWER 1.cardiac cells make up a functional synctium while skeletal muscle cells make up a multinucleate structural synctium where cells are together in sharing nuclei. 2. cardiac muscle cells are connected by intercalated disks 3. cardiac muscle cells get Ca2+ required for contraction from extracellular environment as well as from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Skeletal muscle cells do not get Ca2+ from the extracellular environment. 4. cardiac muscle cells have slow voltage gated Ca2+ channels that contribute to the plateu phase of contraction 5. cardiac muscle cells are stimulated by the SA node primarily and inhibited by the vagal tone which releases Ach. Skeletal muscle cells are stimulated by the release of Ach. what muscle cell type does not have T-tubules or a troponin tropomyosin complex? - CORRECT ANSWER Smooth muscle what two muscle cell subtypes are striated? - CORRECT ANSWER cardiac and skeletal muscle cells what structural feature of cardiac and skeletal muscle cells contributes to their striations? - CORRECT ANSWER sarcomere organization at rest what sites are blocked by tropomyosin? - CORRECT ANSWER at rest tropomyosin blocks myosin binding sites on the actin polymer? what polymer is wrapped with tropomyosin? - CORRECT ANSWER actin what specific sort of organelle is the specialiezed sarcoplasmic reticulum? - CORRECT ANSWER a smooth endoplasmic reticulum what sequence on a protein signals its entrance into the secretory pathway? - CORRECT ANSWER signal sequence this sort of muscle cell type exhibits constantly fluctuating membrane potentials? - CORRECT ANSWER smooth muscle what sort of muscle has the most poorly developed Sarcoplasmic Reticulum? - CORRECT ANSWER The smooth muscle cells what system in smooth muscle cells is analogous to the regulatory mechanism of troponin and tropomyosin? - CORRECT ANSWER Calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) operate to regulate the contraction of smooth muscle cells. what is the theoretical maximum recombination frequency? - CORRECT ANSWER 50% molecule found in liver used for oxidative detoxification ? - CORRECT ANSWER cytochrome P450 T or F: maternal organelles seek out and destroy paternal mitochondrial DNA upon fertilization? - CORRECT ANSWER T approximately how many base pairs in the human genome? - CORRECT ANSWER there are approximately 3 billion T or F: the mutation rate of mtDNA is significantly greater than that of nuclear DNA? - CORRECT ANSWER True T or F: Gas Chromatography is sometimes used to separate proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER F the area of the brain known to contain the rhythm center for the heart? - CORRECT ANSWER medulla T or F: operons occur in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes? - CORRECT ANSWER F, only in prokaryotes do operons occur. name for a cutaneous area supplied by a single nerve root? - CORRECT ANSWER dermatome what virus is responsible for the shingles reaction? - CORRECT ANSWER varicella zoster virus medical term for pain characterized by stabbing sensations? - CORRECT ANSWER lancinating "abnormal sensations" are medically termed what? - CORRECT ANSWER dysesthesias what sort of immunity is spoken to by the consumption or administration of exogenous antibodies? - CORRECT ANSWER passive immunity death of cells or tissue through injury or disease mediated by loss of blood flow to area? - CORRECT ANSWER tissue necrosis For an amino acid with an acidic side chain how would one calculate the PI? - CORRECT ANSWER The PI would be the average of the pKA of the side chain and that of the carboxylate end of the amino acid given that between those values the amino acid would be neutrally charged. As is the case with aspartate. what is the pKA of the amino end of a protein? - CORRECT ANSWER the pka is around 8. what is the pKA of the carboxyl end of a protein? - CORRECT ANSWER That pKA is around 3. to find the pI of an amino acid such as lysine (basic) what two pKAs would be averaged? - CORRECT ANSWER the amino end pKa (basic) and the lysine pKa in order to arrive at the isoelectric point. This is because, between these two pKAs the amino acid would be neutral. in Sanger sequencing do fragments that terminate earlier than others travel further from the wells or less far? - CORRECT ANSWER these travel further from the wells and are nearer to, thus, the 5' end of the sequence derived. So, those fragments that travel the furthest represent the 5' end of the sequence and those that do not travel far are the 3' end because DNA is synthesized 5' to 3'. what effect would a buildup of insulin have on the production rate of the ETC? - CORRECT ANSWER it would increase the glycolytic rate and thus the ETC as well? what is the limiting factor of oxidative phosphorylation in the ETC? - CORRECT ANSWER the buildup of the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane limits the number of protons that can be transported across. name for DNA sequence just upstream from the initiation site that binds to RNA polymerase and Tfs in order to initiate transcription? - CORRECT ANSWER promoter (TATA box) name for sequence of DNA upstream or downstream from the initiation site that can bind Transcription factors in order to enhance the rate of transcription by DNA looping and interaction with the proper machinery? - CORRECT ANSWER enhancer region the famous eukaryotic promoter sequence is what? - CORRECT ANSWER TATA box what specific RNA polymerase is responsible for the coding of mRNA in euks? - CORRECT ANSWER RNA polymerase II what specific RNA polymerase is responsible for the coding of most rRNA sequences? - CORRECT ANSWER RNA polymerase I what specific RNA polymerase is responsible for the coding of tRNA sequences? - CORRECT ANSWER RNA polymerase III what gene of the lac operon codes for beta galactosidase? what two subunits are involved in that enzyme? - CORRECT ANSWER Lac Z gene with the alpha and omega subunits. in embryology solid balls of cells are called what? - CORRECT ANSWER morula in embryology a recently fertilized oocyte is called what? - CORRECT ANSWER zygote hollow balls of cells in embryonic developement are called what? - CORRECT ANSWER blastula unfertilized eggs are called what? - CORRECT ANSWER oocyte the organelle responsible for the digestion of other worn out organelles? - CORRECT ANSWER lysosome which tends to be larger, a lysosome or a peroxisome? - CORRECT ANSWER a lysosome which is more inovled in oxidative processes, the lysosome or the peroxisome? - CORRECT ANSWER the peroxisome with its hydrogen peroxide neutralization reaction and the presence of caspases to accomplish this. If a cell is involved in the transport of glucose is it likely that the cell will have large numbers of mitochondria? - CORRECT ANSWER No, otherwise glucose could not be excreted T or F: retinal pigment epithelium cells produce a great amount of the protein melanin and so must have great ribosome counts? - CORRECT ANSWER T T or F: all epithelial tissues are attached to a basement membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER T What feature of the nephron is most analogous to the small intestine? - CORRECT ANSWER the proximal convoluted tubule. what particular organelle is responsible for lipid synthesis? - CORRECT ANSWER the smooth endoplasmic reticulum where does the glycosylation of proteins occur in the cell? - CORRECT ANSWER golgi apparatus T or F: the ln of any number below 1 is a negative number? - CORRECT ANSWER T what reaction relates the standard free energy to the standard cell potential for a voltaic cell? - CORRECT ANSWER ∆G⁰=nF?⁰ n= moles of charge F= faradays constant in C/mol (96500) ?⁰= standard cell potential or voltage associated with voltaic cell. (worthy to note that a cell potential that is positive corresponds to a spontaneous reaction) the ln(any number less than 1) will be either negative or positive, which is it? - CORRECT ANSWER negative, because the time it takes to get an amount less than 1 starting from 1 and growing from there will, necessarily, be a negative number. what is the relationship between standard ∆G and Keq? - CORRECT ANSWER ∆G=-RTln(Keq) so, if the Keq is less than 1 the ∆G will be a positive value as the negative of a negative is a positive. two steps of glycolysis involve the hydrolysis of ATP, what two steps of glycolysis are these, by their enzymes? - CORRECT ANSWER hexokinase is the first and phosphfructokinase is the second. what is the net ATP production of glycolysis per glucose molecule? - CORRECT ANSWER 2 ATP since the investment phase requires two ATP and 4 are generated in the return phase. what is the final enzyme of glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER pyruvate kinase what enzyme catalyzes the reaction of glycolysis that produces the molecule of NADH? - CORRECT ANSWER the Glyceraldehde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase what is the most heavily regulated enzyme of glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER PFK between what two intermediates are the first two ATP of glycolysis generated? - CORRECT ANSWER 1,3-bPGlycerate and G-3-Phosphate what enzyme of glycolysis accompanies the release of a water molecule? - CORRECT ANSWER enolase between what two enzymes of glycolysis are the last two molecules of ATP produced? - CORRECT ANSWER PEP and pyruvate what functional group is on the pyruvate end that is charged? - CORRECT ANSWER carboxylate anion. (especially at physiological pH). the only two amino acids that are only ketogenic are what? - CORRECT ANSWER K and L (lysine and luecine) the amino acids that are both ketogenic and glucogenic are 5, what are the 5? - CORRECT ANSWER PITTT is the mnemonic and the reality is that phenylalanine, Isoleucine, Tyrosine, Threonine, and Tryptophan are all both ketogenic and glucogenic which type of Ach receptor is a GPCR? - CORRECT ANSWER the muscarinic which is associated with the central nervous system and the parasympathetic system. Which type of Ach receptor is a ion gated channel? - CORRECT ANSWER The nicotinic receptor is an ion gated channel. T or F: all nicotinic receptors are excitatory while some muscarinic receptors are inhibitory? - CORRECT ANSWER True T or F: if a pseudogene continually shows up in a population this reflects a weak relationship between the required mutation and fitness? - CORRECT ANSWER T vacant spaces in bones that formerly contained osteocytes = what? - CORRECT ANSWER lacunae the part of a bone that contains capillaries and nerves within it? - CORRECT ANSWER The Haversian canal basic unit of compact bone structure? - CORRECT ANSWER osteon (Haversian system) what cartilage type reinforces the larynx and trahchea? - CORRECT ANSWER hyaline cartilage because myasthenia gravis oftentimes influences the extraoccular muscles what two symptoms often result? - CORRECT ANSWER diplopia (double vision) ptosis (drooping eyes) amount of air that moves in and out of lungs with light breathing? - CORRECT ANSWER tidal volume max amount of air that can be expelled after a big breath in? - CORRECT ANSWER vital capacity in the sensory class of spinal nerves are the signals to travel through the dorsal or ventral root? - CORRECT ANSWER the dorsal root is for sensory information pressure receptors deep in the skin? - CORRECT ANSWER pacinian corpuscles how long is short term memory typically thought to last? - CORRECT ANSWER seconds to minutes what is the log form of the well known Nernst equation? - CORRECT ANSWER cell potential = 0.0592/n* logK what two equations for ∆G may be combined to arrive at the Nernst equation? - CORRECT ANSWER ∆G⁰=-nF?⁰ and ∆G⁰= -RT* ln(Keq) process by which a person emotionally reacts after evaluating a situation? - CORRECT ANSWER cognitive appraisal If a person is cold and responds to so being by looking for a coat what theory is demonstrated by this? - CORRECT ANSWER drive reduction theory perceived ability to acomplish goals equals what? - CORRECT ANSWER self efficacy this theory of learning posits that people learn through observation? - CORRECT ANSWER social cognitive theory what sort of variable is required for causality to be inferred? - CORRECT ANSWER a manipulated variable or independent variable. when one puts extra emphasis on their own personality or skills rather than situation this is an example of what? - CORRECT ANSWER the fundamental attribution error T or F: both motor and somatosensory information sent to one side of the body is processed by the opposite side of the brain. - CORRECT ANSWER T Is attention predominately processed by the left or right hemisphere of the brain? - CORRECT ANSWER the right hemispher T or F: PTSD is a sort of anxiety disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER True Scizophrenia is most closely associated with an excess of what chemical? - CORRECT ANSWER dopamine what is the period when things start to go downhill in scizophrenia called? - CORRECT ANSWER prodrome consistent grief and inability enjoying acitivities is most likely what sort of disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER depression, a mood disorder. is assessing how important an object is to a group of people that person would be practicing an analysis of what aspect of society? - CORRECT ANSWER social constructionism if an action is repeated because it has been reinforced before what perspective on personality is demonstrated? - CORRECT ANSWER behaviorist perspective otherwise known as receptive aphasia? Speech comprehension is handicapped. - CORRECT ANSWER Wernicke's aphasia inabilty of a person to repeat what they hear? - CORRECT ANSWER conduction aphasia inability of a person to produce the correct words for a topic on which they would like to speak? - CORRECT ANSWER anomic aphasia when one node in the network of memory activates others to remember something what is demonstrated? - CORRECT ANSWER spreading activation what are the two important aspects of sensory memory according to the information processing model of memory? - CORRECT ANSWER echoic(sound) and iconic(visual) memory which tends to last longer, echoic or iconic memory? - CORRECT ANSWER echoic lasts about 4 seconds longer relative to the half second that iconic memory lasts. in working memory what two features of this allow for sound memory and vision memory respectively? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. phonological loop 2. visuospatial sketchpad T or F: iconic memory fades very quickly? - CORRECT ANSWER T [Show More]

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