Psychology Exam Review Questions with accurate answers, 2022. Graded A

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Psychology Exam Review Questions with accurate answers, 2022. Graded A Chapter 1: Psychology: The Evolution of a Science - ☑☑... What is psychology? What is the mind? What is behavior? - �... ��☑Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior Mind is our private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings Behavior is the observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals What are the three key questions in psychology? - ☑☑1. What are the bases of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings, or our subjective senses of self? 2. How does the mind usually allow us to function effectively in the world? 3. Why does the mind occasionally function so ineffectively? What is the nativism? What is philosophical empiricism? Which reflects "nature" and which reflects "nurture" in the nature- nurture debate? - ☑☑Nativism is the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn Philosophical empiricism is the philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience. Although few modern psychologists believe that nativism or empiricism is entirely correct, the issue of just how much "nature" and "nurture" explain any given behavior is still a matter of controversy. What is phrenology? How did work with brain damaged patients help establish a mind- body connection? - ☑☑Phrenology is a now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain. When Paul Broca worked with a patient who had suffered damage to a small part of the left side of the brain the patient was virtually unable to speak yet was able to understand everything that was said and could communicate using gestures. Broca had the crucial insight that damage to a specific part of the brain impaired a specific mental function, clearly demonstrating that the mind and body are linked Psychology has its roots in philosophy- from which it drew the questions it tries to answer- and physiology. What is physiology? - ☑☑Physiology is the study of biological processes, especially in the human body Who is credited as being the founder of psychology including teaching its first course in 1867 and opening its first lab? - ☑☑Wilhelm Wundt What is consciousness? How did Wundt study consciousness using stimuli and reaction time? What is structuralism? What is introspection? What is the problem with using introspection as a research method? - ☑☑Consciousness is a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind.To study consciousness Wundt and his students adopted an approach called structuralism, which is the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind. Some of Wundt's studies used the method of introspection, which involves the subjective observation of one's own experiment. In a typical experiment, research participants were presented with a stimulus, and asked to report their introspections. By analyzing the relation between feelings and perceptual sensations, Wundt and his students hoped to uncover the basic structure of conscious experience. The problem with using introspection is that science requires replicable observations. What is functionalism? How did William James differ from Wundt in how he believed consciousness should be studied? Which man thought consciousness was a stream? Which man thought it could be broken up? - ☑☑Functionalism is the study of the purpose of mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment. James agreed with Wundt of some points, but disagreed with his claim that consciousness could be broken down into separate elements. James believed that trying to isolate and analyze a particular moment of consciousness distorted the essential nature of consciousness. "Consciousness was more like a flowing stream than a bundle of separate elements" -William James and also thought that it can be broken up What is natural selection? - ☑☑Natural selection is Charles Darwin's theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely to be passed on to subsequent generations What is hysteria? What is the unconscious? What is the emphasis in Freud's psychoanalytic theory? What is psychoanalysis? What were some criticisms of Freud's approach (page 14)? - ☑☑Hysteria is a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences. Unconscious is the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders. Freud's visions of human nature was a dark one, emphasizing the limitations and problems rather than the possibilities and potentials. What is humanistic psychology? Who were its founders? How did it differ from psychoanalytic theory? - ☑☑Humanistic psychology is an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings. The founders of humanistic psychology are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Humanistic psychologists focused on the highest aspirations that people had for themselves. Rather than viewing people as prisoners of events in their remote pasts, humanistic psychologists viewed the as free agents who have an inherent need to develop, grow, and attain their full potential. What is behaviorism? Why is it called S-R psychology? What psychologist is associated with behaviorism? What are some of the criticisms of (page 17)? - ☑☑Behaviorism is an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior. This approach is called to S-R psychology, because it is made up of a stimulus and a response, in which Watson and other behaviorist made that they were the two notions that are the building blocks of their theories. The criticisms of this theory are that behaviorists such as BF Skinner were taking away our most cherished attribute-free will-and calling for a repressive society that manipulates people for their own gain. What is Gestalt psychology? - ☑☑Gestalt psychology is a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts Behaviorism dominated psychology from the 1930s to the 1950s. With the advent of the computer, cognitive psychology emerged. What is cognitive psychology? - ☑☑Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning. What is behavioral neuroscience? - ☑☑Behavioral neuroscience is an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes. What is evolutionary psychology? What is social psychology? What is cultural psychology? - ☑☑Evolutionary psychology is a psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in term of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection. Social psychology is a subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior. Cultural psychology is the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological process of their members. Chapter 2: The Methods of Psychology - ☑☑... What is empiricism? What is the scientific method? What is a theory? A hypothesis? What is an operational definition? - ☑☑Empiricism is the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation. Scientific method is a set of principles about the appropriate relationships between ideas and evidence. Theory is a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon. Hypothesis is a falsifiable prediction made by a theory. An operational definition is a description of a property in concrete, measurable terms. Measurements need to have validity, reliability and power. What are reliability and validity? Which refers to whether a measure is consistent? Which refers to whether a measure is measuring what it is supposed to measure? - ☑☑Reliability is the tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing. Validity is the extent to which a measurement and property are conceptually related. Reliability refers to whether a measure is consistent. Validity refers to whether a measure is measuring what it is supposed to measure. What are demand characteristics and how can they be a problem when observing people? What is naturalistic observation? What is a double blind observation and why might it be needed? - ☑☑Demand characteristics are those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should. This can be a problem when observing people because the people aren't behaving as they normally would causing inaccurate data. [Show More]

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