ACAAI Review for the Allergy & Immunology Boards Flash Cards ALL CHAPTERS with Verified Solutions

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ACAAI Review for the Allergy & Immunology Boards Flash Cards ALL CHAPTERS with Verified Solutions What is the hapten-carrier effect? ✔✔Small-molecule antigen requires covalent linkage to a lar... ger carrier to stimulate adaptive immune response. The process is achieved in collaboration between hapten-specific B cells and carrier-specific T cells. This is the basis of developing conjugated vaccines. What are the common superantigens and related diseases? ✔✔SEB and SEC from Staphylococcus aureus cause food poisoning. TSST from Staphylococcus aureus and SPE-C from Streptococus pyogenes cause toxic shock syndrome. Which type of T cell recognizes lipid antigens and what molecule is involved? ✔✔Natural killer T (NKT) cells recognize lipid antigens, and the CD1 molecule is involved. Which antigens are T-cell dependent and which are T-cell independent? ✔✔Protein antigens are T-cell dependent. Polysaccharide, nucleic acid, and lipids are T-cell independent. What is the binding site for CD4 on the MHC class I molecule? What is the binding site for CD8 on the MHC class II molecule? ✔✔On the MHC class I molecule, α3 is the binding site for CD8. On the MHC class II molecule, β2 is the binding site for CD4 Which chain makes up the peptide binding cleft in MHC class I molecules? Which chain makes up the peptide binding cleft in MHC class II molecules? ✔✔On the MHC Class I molecule, α1 and α2 make up the peptide binding cleft. On the MHC class II molecule, α1 and β1 make up the peptide binding cleft. MHC class I molecule presents which type of antigens and where does the antigen-MHC class I loading happen? ✔✔An MHC class I molecule presents both intracellular antigens (e.g., viral antigen in cytoplasm) and extracellular antigens (via cross-presentation). The loading site is endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In which chromosomal region are the TAP proteins located? ✔✔The MHC class II locus. They are involved in peptide processing for MHC class I however. MHC class II molecule presents which type of antigen? Where does the antigen-MHC class II loading happen? ✔✔The MHC class II molecule presents extracellular antigens (e.g., antigens from phagocytosed bacteria). The loading site is phagolysosome. Which cytokines are important for Tregs? ✔✔IL-10 and TGFβ What molecules belong to the Ig superfamily? ✔✔TCR, MHC molecules, CD4, CD8, CD19, B7-1, B7-2, Fc receptors, KIR, and VCAM-1 Which somatic recombination process introduces the greatest diversity in immune receptors and which enzyme is important in this process? ✔✔Junctional diversity; TdT enzyme is important in this process. What is the role of the FcRn receptor? ✔✔The FcRn receptor binds to IgG and allows it to be endocytosed. It protects it from the lysosome and instead recycles it to the cell surface. This accounts for the long half-life of IgG in humans. This is also the mechanism by which IgG is transported across the placenta and fetal intestine. IgG3 has the shortest half-life because it poorly binds to FcRn. Mutation in SAP causes which disease? ✔✔X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) [Show More]

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