NSG 5003 Midterm Review

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Form of necrosis a/w TB? Caseous Most common cause of cellular injury? Hypoxia Acid- pH <7.35 Base- pH >7.45 Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation is the ... mechanism by which energy produced from carbs fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. Hypotonic solution causes cellular swelling- D5W (dextrose in water), D5 1/2NS (5% dextrose and 0.45%NS), 1/2NS (0.45%NS), D5 1/4NS( 5% dextrose and 0.2%NS), 1/4NS (0.2%NS) Hypertonic solution causes cellular shrinkage- 3%NS “ocean water” Isotonic solution- LR, NS, D5NS Heat exhaustion- hemoconcentration from water and salt loss Water moves between the ICF and ECF compartments by osmosis. Water moves between the plasma and interstitial fluid by osmosis and hydrostatic pressure, which can occur across the capillary membrane. Hypokalemia- potassium <3.5 can be caused by reduced K+ intake, increased ICF to ECF K+ concentration, loss of K+, increased aldosterone secretion and increased renal secretion. S/S: decreased neuromuscular excitability, skeletal muscle weakness, smooth muscle atony, cardiac dysrhythmias. Greatest carrier to push K+ back into the cell? Insulin Hypernatremia- Na+ > 147, can be caused by sodium gain or water loss. Movement of H20 from ICF to ECF. S/S: dehydration, convulsions, pulmonary edema, hypotension, tachycardia. TX: Isotonic salt-free fluids Hyponatremia- Na+ < 135, can be caused by Na+ deficits leading to plasma hypoosmolality and cellular swelling. S/S: lethargy, HA, confusion, apprehension, seizures, and coma. TX: fluid restriction, NaCl tablets Physical barriers? Skin, Ex: epithelial cells Mechanical barrier? Mucous membrane Biochemical barrier? Epithelial surfaces. Ex: mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, earwax Vascular injury is an acute inflammation that includes, vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and WBC adherence to inner vessel walls and their migration through vessel walls. S/S/: redness, heat, swelling, and pain [Show More]

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