4T0X1 CDC's URE questions (3 of 3)

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4T0X1 CDC's URE questions (3 of 3) What are the 2 most common measurements used in microscopy - ✔✔micrometer and nanometer describe simple microscopes and compound microscopes - ✔✔simple mi... croscopes contain a single lens; compound microscopes contain a group of diverse lenses What is refracted light - ✔✔"light whose rays have been bent out of their original course by passing through a transparent membrane" list 3 basic lens shapes - ✔✔flat, convex, and concave what is the "resolving power" of a microscope lens - ✔✔ability to distinguish fine details and structures what is included in the magnification system of a microscope - ✔✔objectives and eye pieces on a microscope, what does the condenser do - ✔✔concentrates, directs, and focuses the path of light onto the object under examination markers (grids, scales, etc.) used for measuring objects are placed on what component of the microscope - ✔✔eyepiece diaphragm what is the purpose of staining objects in bright field microscopy - ✔✔to enhance light absorption and contrast of objects What is the usefulness of darkfield microscopy - ✔✔when examining unstained microorganisms suspended in fluid What would you use phase-contrast microscopy to accomplish - ✔✔detailed examination of internal structures in living cells and microorganisms as they move and change shape what is the principle behind electron microscopy; and what can electron microscopy be used for - ✔✔electron beams; and the study of ultra structures and fine details what is the significance of water as a human body requirement, as described in this volume - ✔✔it is critical, because most chemical activities take place in this medium 3 activities or functions of metabolism - ✔✔nutrition, synthesis and cellular respiration define homeostasis - ✔✔the automatic tendency of the human body to maintain a relative constant internal environment when discussing the various levels of organization of the human body, atoms of hydrogen and oxygen combining to form water best illustrates what level - ✔✔chemical level what is the function of the circulatory system - ✔✔transports materials from one area of the body to another and helps defend the body against disease (transportation and protection) what is the homeostasis function of the endocrine system - ✔✔to regulate -> metabolic activities and blood levels of various substances what is the purpose of the ureters - ✔✔transport urine produced in the kidneys to the bladder for storage as the urinary bladder begins to fill, what happens to the muscular wall - ✔✔becomes thinner what is the urethra and what is it's purpose - ✔✔a tube-like structure that drains urine from the bladder and conveys it to the outside of the body what are the two main regions within the kidney covering and where are they positioned - ✔✔(1)medulla- inner region; (2)cortex- outermost region what is the nephron - ✔✔the basic functional unit of the kidney the combination of the glomerulus and bowman's capsule is often called what - ✔✔renal corpuscle kidney tubules are divided into what three sections - ✔✔the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the loop of henle what does the kidney receive it's blood supply from - ✔✔renal artery what are the 2 fluid circuits that nephrons can generally be subdivided into - ✔✔blood and the filtrate (urine) circuits what are the 2 processes the kidney uses to produce urine - ✔✔filtration and reabsorption as glomerular filtrate begins to move along the tubular system of the nephron, where does the process of reabsorption take place - ✔✔tubules a sudden, serious decrease in kidney function that may be fatal - ✔✔acute renal failure most common kidney disease and usually occurs after a streptococcal infection - ✔✔acute glomerularnephritus fluid-containing sacs destroying functional kidney parts and how is this disorder treated - ✔✔polycystic; dialysis or kidney transplant inflammation of the bladder and in whom is it most frequent - ✔✔cystitis; women what specimen is generally the most concentrated and preferred for microscopic - ✔✔first morning what specimen is required for measuring the total amount of solutes excreted during a day - ✔✔24 hour urine what must you inspect the specimen for to guarantee integrity and suitability - ✔✔adequate volume, age; <2 hours old if not preserved, and correct patient info on slip and container label what do you do if a routine urine specimen can not be analyzed within 2 hours - ✔✔refrigerate the sample or use chemical preservation what chemical components should you avoid refrigeration if testing for - ✔✔bilirubin and urobilinogen what can cause precipitation of amorphous urates and/or phosphates and why should you be aware - ✔✔refrigeration of urine samples; because it obscures microscopic examination why would one say "most renal function te [Show More]

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