NHA CCMA Study Guide, Nha certification study guide for CCMA Questions with accurate answers, Rated A+

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NHA CCMA Study Guide, Nha certification study guide for CCMA Questions with accurate answers, Rated A+ Chief Complaint Definition - ✔✔The reason why the patient came to see the physician. ... Chief Complaint Abbreviation - ✔✔CC History of Present Illness Abbreviation - ✔✔HPI History of Present Illness Definition - ✔✔This is an explanation of the CC to determine the onset of the illness; associated symptoms; what the patient has done to treat the condition, etc. Past, Family and Social History Abbreviation - ✔✔PFSH Past Medical History Definition - ✔✔Includes all health problems, major illnesses, surgeries the patient has had, current medications complete with reasons for taking them, and allergies. Family History Definition - ✔✔Summary of health problems of siblings, parents, and other blood relatives that could alert the physician to hereditary and/or familial disease. Social History Definition - ✔✔Includes marital status, occupation, educational attainment, hobbies, use of alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and lifestyles. Review of Systems Abbreviation - ✔✔ROS Review of Systems Definition - ✔✔This is an orderly and systematic check of each organ and system of the body by questions. Both positive and pertinent negative findings are documented. 3 Body Processes Necessary for life are: - ✔✔Body Temperature, Respiration, Heart Function 4 Vital Signs of Body Function are: - ✔✔Temperature, Pulse, Respiration, Blood Pressure Define Body Temperature - ✔✔Is a balance between heart production and heart loss in conjunction with each other, maintained and regulated by the hypothalamus. Thermometers - ✔✔Are used to measure temperature using the Fahrenheit and Centigrade or Celsius scale. Temperature Sites - ✔✔Mouth, Rectum, Ear (Tympanic Membrane), and the axilla (underarm). Normal Temperature Range for Rectal - ✔✔98.6F to 100.6F 37.0C to 38.1C Normal Temperature Range for Oral - ✔✔97.6F to 99.6F 36.5C to 37.5C Normal Temperature Range for Axillary - ✔✔96.6F to 98.6F 35.9C to 37.0C Normal Temperature Range for Tympanic Membrane - ✔✔98.6 F 37 C Define Febrile - ✔✔Presence of Fever Define Afebrile - ✔✔Absence of Fever Define Fever - ✔✔Elevated body temperature beyond normal range. Intermittent Fever - ✔✔Fluctuating fever that returns to or below baseline then rises again. Remittent Fever - ✔✔Fluctuating fever that remains elevated; it does not return to baseline temperature. Continuous Fever - ✔✔A fever that remains constant above the baseline; it does not fluctuate. Oral Temperature - ✔✔Is the most common method of measurement. Oral Temperature is not taken from what patients: - ✔✔-infants and children less than six years old -patients who has had surgery or facial, neck, nose, or mouth injury -those receiving oxygen -those with nasogastric tubes -patients with convulsive seizure -hemiplegic patients -patients with altered mental status How long after a patient eats, smokes or drinks do you wait to take an oral temperature? - ✔✔30 minutes When taking an oral temperature how long do you leave the thermometer in the patient's mouth? - ✔✔3-5 minutes Rectal Temperature - ✔✔Is taken when oral temperature is not feasible. Rectal Temperature is not taken from what patients: - ✔✔-patient's with heart disease -patients with rectal disease or disorder or has had rectal surgery -patients with diarrhea Axillary Temperature - ✔✔Is the least accurate and is taken only when no other temperature site can be used. When taking an axillary temperature how long should the thermometer be held in place? - ✔✔5-10 minutes Tympanic Temperature - ✔✔Is useful for children and confused patients because of the speed of operation. Tympanic Temperature is not taken from what patients: - ✔✔-patients with an ear disorder or ear drainage When taking a Tympanic Temperature: - ✔✔A covered probe is gently inserted into the ear canal and temperature is measured with seconds (1-3 seconds). What is the normal range for an adult pulse: - ✔✔60 to 100 beats per minute The site most commonly used for taking a pulse is: - ✔✔The radial artery (found in the wrist on the same side as the thumb). When taking a pulse at the radial artery it is felt with the: - ✔✔First two or three fingers (never with the thumb) and usually taken for 30 seconds multiplied by two to get the rate per minute. (Taking a pulse at the radial artery) If the rate is unusually fast or slow then: - ✔✔Count it for 60 seconds The _____ _____ is a more accurate measurement of the heart rate and it is taken over the apex of the heart by auscultation using the stethoscope. - ✔✔Apical Pulse Taking an apical pulse is used for patients with: - ✔✔Irregular heart rate and for infants and small children. Respiratory Characteristics - ✔✔Rate, Rhythm, and Depth Respiratory Rate - ✔✔Is the number of respirations per minute. Normal Adult Range of Respiratory Rate - ✔✔12 to 20 per minute What counts as one respirations: - ✔✔One inspiration (inhale) and One Expiration (exhale). How is a Respiratory Rate calculated: - ✔✔Count respirations for 30 seconds then multiplied by two or count for a full minute. Define Apnea - ✔✔This is a temporary complete absence of breathing which may by result of a reduction in the stimuli to the respiratory centers of the brain. Define Tachypnea - ✔✔This is a respiration rate of greater than 40/min. It is transient in the newborn and maybe caused by the hysteria in the adult. Define Bradypnea - ✔✔Decrease in numbers of respirations. This occurs during sleep. It may also be due to certain diseases. Define Respiratory Rhythm - ✔✔Refers to the pattern of breathing. It can vary with age: infants have an irregular rhythm while adults have regular. Define Cheyne-Stokes - ✔✔This is a regular pattern of irregular breathing rate. Define Orthopnea - ✔✔This is difficulty or inability to breath unless in an upright position. Define Respiratory Depth - ✔✔Refers to the amount of air that is inspired and expired during each respiration. Define Hypoventilation - ✔✔State in which reduced amount of air enters the lungs resulting in decreased oxygen level and increased carbon dioxide level in blood. It can be due to breathing that is too shallow, or too slow, or to diminished lung function. Define Hyperpnea - ✔✔Abnormal increase in the depth and rate of breathing. Define Hyperventilation - ✔✔State in which there is an increased amount of air entering the lungs. Define Blood Pressure - ✔✔This is the measurement of the amount of force exerted by the blood on the peripheral arterial walls and is expressed in millimeters (mm) of mercury (Hg). Blood Pressure Abbreviation - ✔✔BP BP consist of two components: - ✔✔The Highest (systole) and lowest (diastole) amount of pressure exerted during the cardiac cycle. Common errors in blood pressure measurements: - ✔✔-Improper Cuff Size -The arm is not at heart level -Cuff is not completely deflated before use -Deflation of the cuff is faster than 2-3mmHG per second -The cuff is re-inflated during the procedure without allowing the arm to rest for 1-2 minutes between reading -Improper cuff placement -Defective Equipment Define Anthropometric Measurements - ✔✔Refers to comparative measurements of the body. What age groups use Length, Height, Weight, Weight-for-Length, and Head Circumference - Anthropometric Measurements: - ✔✔Are used to assess growth and development in infants, children, and adolescents. What age groups use Height, Weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and % of body fat - Anthropometric Measurements: - ✔✔Are the measurements used for adults. The 4 principles of a physical examinations: - ✔✔Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation Define Inspection - ✔✔Which provided an enormous amount of information. The observer uses observation to detect significant physical features or objective data. Inspection focuses on certain aspects of the patient: - ✔✔General Appearance, State of Nutrition, Body Habitus, Symmetry, Posture and Gait Define Palpation - ✔✔The examiner uses the sense of touch to determine the characteristics of an organ system. Define Percussion - ✔✔This involves tapping or striking the body, usually with the fingers or a small hammer to determine the position, size and density of the underlying organ or tissue. Define Auscultation - ✔✔This involves listening to sounds produced by internal organs. It is usually done to evaluated the heart, lungs, and the abdomen. The Medical Assistant's Role In the Physical Examination: - ✔✔-Room Preparation -Patient Preparation -Assisting the Physician Horizontal Recumbent Position - ✔✔Is used for most physical examinations. The patient lies on his/her back with legs extended. Arms may be above the head, alongside the body or folded on the chest. Dorsal Recumbent Position - ✔✔Is when the patient is on his/her back with knees flexed and soles of feet flat on the bed. The MA will need to fold a sheet once across the chest and fold a second sheet crosswise over the thighs and legs so that genital area is easily exposed. Fowler's Position - ✔✔Is used to promote drainage or to ease breathing. A sitting or semi-sitting position where the back of the examination table is elevated to either 45 degrees (45 degrees (Semi-Fowler's) or 90 degrees (High-Fowler's). Dorsal Lithotomy Position - ✔✔Is used for examination of pelvic organs. This position is similar to the dorsal recumbent position, except that the patient's legs are well separated and thighs are acutely flexed. The feet are usually placed in stirrups and a folded sheet or bath blanket is places crosswise over thighs and legs so that genital area is easily exposed. The Pone Position - ✔✔Is used to examine the back. The patient lies on his/her abdomen with head turned to one side for comfort, the arms may be above head or alongside the body. The Sim's Position - ✔✔Is used for rectal examination. The patient is on his/her left side with the right knee flexed against the abdomen and the left knee slightly flexed. The left arm is behind the body; the right arm is placed comfortable. The Knee-Chest Position - ✔✔Is used for rectal or vaginal examinations and as treatment to bring uterus into a normal position. The patient is on his/her knees with his/her chest resting on the bed and elbows resting on the bed or arms above head. The head is turned to one side. Trendelenburg Position - ✔✔The patient is placed flat on the back, face up, the knees flexed and legs hanging off the end of the table, with the legs and feet supported by footboard. The table is positioned with the head 45 degrees lower than the body. This position is used primarily for surgical procedures of pelvis and abdomen. OSHA stands for - ✔✔Occupational Safety and Health Adminstration OSHA is - ✔✔Responsible for the identification of the various hazards present in the work place and for the creation of rules and regulations to minimize exposure to such hazards. Physical Hazards - Electrical Safety Regulations: - ✔✔-Use only ground plugs that have been approved by Underwriters' Laboratory (UL) -Never use extension cords -Avoid electrical circuit overloading -Inspect all cords and plugs periodically for damage -Use a surge protector on all sensitive electronic devices -Before servicing, UNPLUG the device from the electrical outlet -Use signs and/or labels to indicate high voltage or electrical hazard Chemical Hazards - Chemical Safety Regulations - ✔✔-If skin or eyes come in contact with any chemicals, immediately wash the area with water for at least 5 minutes -Store flammable or volatile chemicals in a well-ventilated area -After use, immediately recap all bottles containing toxic substances -Label all chemicals with the required Material Safety Data Sheet (MDSD) Material Safety Data Sheet Abbreviation - ✔✔MDSD Patient's have the Right to: - ✔✔-Information about pain and pain relied -A caring staff who believes in your reports of pain -A care staff with concern about your pain -A quick response when you report your pain Patient's have the responsibility to: - ✔✔-Ask for pain relief when you pain first starts -Help those caring for you to asses you pain -Tell those caring for you if your pain is not relieved -Tell those caring for you about any worries that you have about taking pain medications -Decide if you want your family and/or significant others to aid in your relief of pain Patient Representative - ✔✔Primary assignment is to assist you in exercising your rights as a patient. Good Samaritan Law - ✔✔This law deals with the rendering of first aid by health care professionals at the scene of an accident or sudden injury. Needle Stick Prevention Act - ✔✔OSHA has put into force the Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogen (BBP) Standard when it was concluded that healthcare employees face a serious health risk as a results of occupational exposure to blood and other boy fluids and tissues.. Bloodborne Pathogen Abbreviation - ✔✔BBP Bloodborne Pathogen Standard - ✔✔-Revision and updating of the exposure control plan -Solicitation of employee input in selecting engineering and work practice controls -Modification of definitions relating to engineering controls -New record keeping requirements Sharps Injury Log must contain, at the minimum: - ✔✔-The type and brand of device involved in the incident -The department or work area where the exposure incident occurred -An explanation of how the incident occured Define Tort - ✔✔Is a wrongful act that results in injury to one person by another. Define Battery - ✔✔The basis of tort in this case is the unprivileged touching of one person by another. When a procedure is to be performed on a patient, the patient must give consent in full knowledge of the procedure and the risk it entails (informed consent). Define Invasion of Privacy - ✔✔This is the release of medical records without the patient's knowledge and permission. Define Defamation of Character - ✔✔This consists of injury to another person's reputation, name, or character through spoken (slander) or written (libel) words. Define Negligence - ✔✔This is the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonable person would give under similar circumstances and someone suffers injury because of another's failure to live up to a required duty of care. The 4 Elements of Negligence: - ✔✔-Duty: duty of care -Derelict: breach of duty of care -Direct cause: legally recognizable injury occurs as a result of the breach of duty of care -Damage: wrongful activity must have caused the injury or harm that occurred Define Patient Confidentiality - ✔✔This is the key concept of HIPAA. All patients have a right to privacy and all information should remain privileged. Define Informed Consent - ✔✔This is consent given by the patient who is made aware of any procedure to be performed, its risks, expected outcomes, and alternative. Biological Hazards - Biological Safety Regulations - ✔✔-Disinfect the laboratory work area before and after each use when dealing with biologicals -Never draw a specimen through a pipette by mouth. This technique is not permitted in the laboratory -Always wear gloves -Sterilize specimens and any other contaminated materials and/or dispose of them through incineration -Wash hand thoroughly before and after every procedure Emergency First Aid - ✔✔The ability to recognize and react quickly to an emergency may be the difference of life or death for the patient. Define External Hemorrhage - ✔✔Controlling the bleeding is most effectively accomplished by elevating the affected part above heart level and applying direct pressure to the wound. Do not attempt to elevate a broken extremity as this could case further damage. Define Shock - ✔✔Occurs when there is insufficient return of blood flow to the heart, resulting in inadequate supply of oxygen to all organs and tissues of the body. Common Shock Symptoms: - ✔✔-Pale, Cold, Clammy Skin -Rapid, Weak Pulse -Increased, Shallow Breathing Rate -Expressionless Face/Staring Eyes First Aid For Shock - ✔✔-Maintain an open airway for the victim -Call for assistance -Keep the victim lying down with the head lower than the rest of the body -Attempt to control bleeding or cause of shock (if known) -Keep the victim warm until help arrives Define Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - ✔✔Most healthcare institutions require their professionals to be certifies in CPR. It is important for all professional to maintain all certifications acquired. CPR stands for - ✔✔Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Define Urinary Bacteria - ✔✔Enteric gram-negative bacteria that are always nitrite positive can convert urinary nitrate to nitrite. A positive nitrite test is an indication that a significant number of bacteria are present in the urine. Define Urinary Leukocytes - ✔✔The presence of increased numbers of leukocytes or white blood cells in the urine is an indicator of bacteriuria or urinary tract infection (UTI). Abbreviation for Urinary Tract Infection - ✔✔UTI Granulocytic leukocytes release: - ✔✔Esterase when the cells lyse. Testing for leukocyte esterase by: - ✔✔The reagent strip method is used in tandem with the microscopic examination of urine sediment for the diagnosis of bacteriuria or UTI. A positive test by the reagent strip method is indicated by a: - ✔✔Purple Color A _____-______ _____-______ urine sample is usually required for any bacterial culture. - ✔✔clean catch mid stream Probably the most common specialized urine test is the _____ _____. - ✔✔Pregnancy Test Abbreviation for Human Chorionic Gonadotropin - ✔✔hCG Abbreviation for Uterine Chorionic Gonadotropin - ✔✔UCG Increased levels of hCG are a natural marker for _____. - ✔✔Pregnancy Define Hemoccult Fecal Occult Test - ✔✔Is used to detect hidden blood in stool specimens. The 1st and last portion of the stool after the bowel movement usually contain concentrations of the substances most often required for testing. In order to conduct this test, a Hemmocult developing solution is applied to a stool specimen. Any trace of blue that appears within the specimen is a sign of a positive result. Define Throat Culture - ✔✔Are used to detect a bacterial, fungal, or ciral infection in the throat. In order to conduct this test, the patient should be placed in a comfortable lying or sitting position. After the patient have been asked to open their mouth, the MA should depress the patient's tongue then vigorously swab the throat with a sterile swab. After the specimen is collected, it should correctly labeled with the patient's information. Define Sputum Specimen - ✔✔Is used to determine the presence of pathogens in a patient's respiratory passage. When obtaining the specimen the MA should instruct the patient to cough deeply, using the abdominal muscles as well as the accessory muscles to bring up secretions from the lungs as well as the upper airways. After the specimen is collected, it should correctly labeled with the patient's information. Order of Draw for Capillary Specimens - ✔✔1. Lavender Tube 2. Tubes with other additives 3. Tubes without additives PKU - ✔✔This test is ordered for infants to detect phenylketonuria, a genetic disease that causes mental retardation and brain damage. Test is done on blood from newborn's heel or on urine. Order of Draw (BeCause Better Specimens Generate Perfect Goals) - ✔✔1. Blood Cultures 2. Light Blue Top Tubes 3. Serum or non-additive tube (Red or Red/Gray Top Tubes) 4. Green Top Tubes 5. Lavendar Top Tubes 6. Gray Top Tubes Define Infection Control/Chain of Infection - ✔✔Based on the fact that the transmission of infectious disease will be prevented or stopped when any level in the chain is broken or interrupted. Define Agents - ✔✔Are infectious , microorganisms that can be classified into groups namely: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Define Portal of Exit - ✔✔The method by which an infectious agent leaves it reservoir. Define Standard Precautions and Transmission-Based Precautions - ✔✔Are controlled measures aimed at preventing the spread of the disease as infectious agents exit the reservoir. Define Mode Transmission - ✔✔Specific ways in which microorganism travel from the reservoir to the susceptible host. 5 Main Types of Mode Transmission: - ✔✔-Contact: direct and indirect -Droplet -Airborne -Common Vehicle -Vectorborne Define Portal Of Entry - ✔✔Allows the infectious agent access to the susceptible host. Common Entry Sites: - ✔✔-Broken Skin - Mucous Membranes -Body systems exposed to the external environment such as the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive. What methods are used to limit the transmission of infectious agents: - ✔✔-Wound Care -Transmission-Based Precautions -Aseptic Technique Define Susceptible Host - ✔✔The infectious agent enters a person who is not resistant or immune. Control at this level is directed towards the identification of the patients at risk, treat their underlying condition for susceptibility, or isolate them from the reservoir. Define Medical Asepsis - ✔✔The destruction of pathogenic microorganisms after them leave the body. It also involves environmental hygiene measures such as equipment cleaning and disinfection procedures. Define Disinfection - ✔✔This procedure used in medical asepsis using various chemicals that can be used to destroy many pathogenic microorganisms. Since chemicals can irritate skin and mucous membranes, they are only used on inanimate objects. Boiling water at what temperature is considered a form of disinfected: - ✔✔212 F What is the ratio of bleach and water is a disinfected: - ✔✔1:10 Define Surgical Asepsis - ✔✔All microbial life, pathogens, pathogens and non-pathogens, are destroyed before an invasive procedure is performed. Often used interchangeably. 4 Methods of Sterilization - ✔✔-Gas Sterilization -Dry Heat Sterilization -Chemical Sterilization -Steam Sterilization Define Gas Sterilization - ✔✔Often used for wheelchairs and hospital beds. Useful in hospitals, but costly for the office. Define Dry Heat Sterilization - ✔✔Requires higher temperature that steam sterilization but longer exposure times. Used for instruments that easily corrodes. Define Chemical Sterilization - ✔✔Uses the same chemical used for chemical disinfection, but the exposure time is longer. Define Steam Sterilization - ✔✔Uses steam under pressure to obtain high temperature of 250-254F with exposure times of 20-40 minutes depending on the item being sterilized. Define Hand Washing - ✔✔Is the most important means of preventing the spread of infections. A Routine Hand Washing Procedure: - ✔✔Uses plain soap to remove soil and transient bacteria. Hand Antisepsis requires: - ✔✔The use of antimicrobial soap to remove, kill or inhibit transient microorganisms. Define Barrier Protection - ✔✔Protective clothing provides a barrier against infection. Abbreviation for Personal Protective Equipment - ✔✔PPE PPE Includes: - ✔✔-Mask -Goggles -Face Shields -Respirator Define Chemical Examination of Urine - ✔✔This involves the chemical evaluation of the contents of the urine which can be qualitative or quantitative. Chemical Examination of Urine Involves: - ✔✔-pH -Glucose -Ketone -Protein -Blood -Bilirubin -Urobilinogen -Nitrite -Leukocyte Esterase Define Microscopic Examination of the Urine - ✔✔Is done on urine sediment obtained by certrifugation of 10 to 15ml of urine. The identification and enumeration of the urinary sediment constituents require that only highly skilled and qualified individuals undertake the microscopic examination. Define Specific Gravity of Urine - ✔✔Is the ratio of the weight of given volume of urine to the weight of the same volume of distilled water at a constant temperature. This is the most convenient way of measuring the kidney's ability to concentrate and dilute. During a 24-hour period, normal adults with normal diets and normal fluid intake produce urine with a specific gravity of between _____ and _____. - ✔✔1.015 and 1.025 The normal range of urine specific gravity for a random collection is _____ to _____. - ✔✔1.002 to 1.030 Define Urinary pH - ✔✔Is the reflection of the acidity or alkaline of solution. Define pH - ✔✔The % of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. A pH of _____ is considered to be neutral. - ✔✔7.0 A pH of _____ to _____ is considered to be acidic. - ✔✔0 to 7.0 A pH of _____ to _____ is considered to be alkaline or basic. - ✔✔7 to 14 Normal, freshly voided urine will usually have a pH of _____ to _____. - ✔✔4.5 to 8.0 Define Urinary Glucose - ✔✔Is the sugar typically found in urine. Define Glycosuria - ✔✔Is the presence of glucose in the urine. Define Clean-Catch Specimen - ✔✔Collecting this sample required special cleaning of the external genitalia. Define Urine Composition - ✔✔Urine formed by a healthy kidney is approximately 96% water and 4% dissolved substances consisting mainly of urea, sodium chloride, sulfates and phosphates. Define Urine Ouput - ✔✔Is dependent upon the body's state of hydration and normally averages 1200-1500ml every 24 hours. Define Oliguria - ✔✔Decreased urinary output. Define Polyuria - ✔✔Increased urinary output. Define Anuria - ✔✔Little to no urine output. Define Routine Urinalysis - ✔✔Examination of the urine is a diagnostic tool to detect or monitor certain conditions. 3 Parts of Examination of Urine - ✔✔-Physical Examination -Chemical Examination -Microscopic Examination Physical Examination of Urine - ✔✔-Assessing the volume of the urine specimen to determine if it is adequate for testing -Observing the color and appearance (or character) of the specimen noting the odor. -Measuring the specific gravity. Define Standard Precautions - ✔✔This is an infection control method designed to prevent direct contact with blood and other fluids and tissues by using barrier protection and work control practices. All patients are presumed to be infective for blood-borne pathogens. Standard Precautions are: - ✔✔-Wear gloves when collecting and handling blood, body fluids, or tissue specimen. -Wear face shields when there is a danger for splashing on mucous membranes. -Dispose of all needles and sharp objects in puncture-proof containers without recapping. Define Transmission-Based Precautions - ✔✔The 2nd tier of precautions and are to be used when the patient is known or suspected to being infected with contagious disease. Define Contact Precautions - ✔✔Are designed to reduce the risk of transmission of microorganisms by direct or indirect contact. Define Direct Contact Transmission - ✔✔Involves skin-to-skin contact and physical transfer of microorganisms to a susceptible host from an infected or colonized person. Define Indirect-Contact Transmission - ✔✔Involves contact with a contaminated intermediate object in the patient's environment. Define Airborne Precautions - ✔✔Are designed to reduce the risk of airborne transmission of infectious agents. Microorganisms carried in this manner can be dispersed widely by air currents and may become inhaled by or deposited on a susceptible host within the same room or over a longer distance from the source patient. Define Droplet Precautions - ✔✔Are designed to reduce the risk of droplet transmission of infectious agents. Droplet Transmission involves: - ✔✔Contact with the conjunctive of the mucous membrane of the nose or mouth of a susceptible person with large particle droplets generated from the source person primarily during coughing, sneezing or talking. Define Latex Sensitivity - ✔✔Is an emerging and important problem in the health care field. Symptoms/Signs of Irritant Contact Dermatitis - ✔✔Scaling, drying, cracking of skin, Symptoms/Signs of Allergic Contact Dermatitis - ✔✔Blistering, itching, crusting (similar to poison ivy reaction). Symptoms/Signs of NRL Allergy IgE/histamine mediated - ✔✔Hives in area of contact with NRL. Cause of Irritant Contact Dermatitis - ✔✔Direct skin irritation by gloves, powder, soaps/detergents, incomplete hand drying. Cause of Allergic Contact Dermatitis - ✔✔Accelerators processing chemicals. Cause of NRL Allergy IgE/histamine mediated - ✔✔NRL proteins; direct contact with or breathing NRL proteins, including glove powder containing proteins, from powdered gloves or the environment. Prevention/Management for Irritant Contact Dermatitis - ✔✔Obtain medical diagnosis, avoid irritant product, consider use of cotton glove liners, consider alternative gloves/products. Prevention/Management for Allergic Contact Dermatitis - ✔✔Obtain medical diagnosis, identify chemical. Consider use of glove liners such as cotton. Use alternative glove material without chemical. Assure glove material is suitable for intended use (proper barrier). Prevention/Management for NRL Allergy IgE/histamine mediated - ✔✔Obtain medical diagnosis, allergy consultation, subsitute non-NRL, gloves for affected worker and other non-NRL products. Eliminate exposure to glove powder - use of reduce protein, powder free gloves for coworkers. Clean NRL-containing powder from environment. Consider NRL, safe enviroment. (Prescription) po - ✔✔From the Latin per os, or "by mouth" or "orally" (Prescription) pr - ✔✔From the Latin per rectum, or "by way of the rectum," by suppository (Prescription) sl - ✔✔sublingual (under the tongue) (Prescription) IV - ✔✔intravenous (Prescription) IM - ✔✔intramuscular (in the muscle) (Prescription) SQ - ✔✔short for subcutaneous (meaning under the skin) (Prescription) qd - ✔✔Every Day, from the Latin quaque die (Prescription) bid - ✔✔Twice a Day, from the Latin his in die (Prescription) tid - ✔✔Three Times a Day, from the Latin ter in die (Prescription) qid - ✔✔Four Times a Day, from the Latin quater in die (Prescription) pc - ✔✔After meals or not on an empty stomach, from the Latin post cibum (Prescription) qhs - ✔✔Each night, from the Latin quaque hora somni, or "at bedtime" (Prescription) prn - ✔✔As needed, from the Latin pro re nata, "as circumstances may require" The hear is: - ✔✔A hollow muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs in a space called Mediastenum. The heart _____ is located at the level of the 2nd intercostal. - ✔✔Base The tip of the heart (_____) is located at the level of 5th intercostal and mid-clavicular line on the left. - ✔✔Apex Define Endocardium - ✔✔The innermost layer of the heart. It is a thin layer of epithelium very similar to vessels' endothelium, which covers the inside part of the heart. It forms the lining and folds back onto itself to form the heart valves and also covers the papillary muscles that anchor chordae tendinae, strings of connective tissue that keep in place the AV valves. The function of the Endocardium is: - ✔✔To prevent blood cell destruction and clotting. The Endocardium is: - ✔✔Also the layer in which the heart's conduction system is embedded. Define Myocardium - ✔✔The middle and contractile layer of the heart. The Myocardium is made up of: - ✔✔Special striated muscle fibers with strong connection with each other (intercalated disks) and branches that ensure a unified and simultaneous contraction of all muscle fibers. There is a high concentration of calcium ions in the space between the muscle fibers (interstitial space), which influences the force of the muscle contraction. Define "Heart Skeleton" - ✔✔Is made up of four rings of thick connective tissue. These rings which surround the base of the heart and large vessels, create the cardiac septum, and provide a solid connection between the heart chambers and a strong attachment for the heart valves. Define Pericardium - ✔✔The outermost layer of the heart. Attached with ligaments to the spinal column and diaphragm fixing the heart in its position. Built by two layers of connective tissue. The outer layer of the Pericardium is called: - ✔✔Parietal Pericardium The inner layer of the Pericardium is called: - ✔✔Visceral Pericardium or Epicardium The two layers of Pericardium are separated by: - ✔✔A thin layer of fluid to prevent friction. These layers and the fluid between them are referred to as the pericardial sac. A structure in the middle of the heart called the _____, divided the heart into two sides. - ✔✔Septum The right side of the heart pumps _____ blood with low pressure from the veins into the lungs (pulmonary circulation). - ✔✔Deoxygenated The left side of the heart pumps _____ blood with high pressure (blood pressure) toward the tissues through arteries (systemic circulations). - ✔✔Oxygenated The four chambers of the heart: - ✔✔-Right Atria -Left Atria -Right Ventricle -Left Ventricle [Show More]

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