AQA A-Level Psychology - Social Influence Questions and Answers Rated A+

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AQA A-Level Psychology - Social Influence Questions and Answers Rated A+ Conformity ✔✔Change in a person's behaviour and/or opinions as the result of real or imagined pressure from a group In... ternalisation ✔✔Permanent change in behaviours and opinions Identification ✔✔Change of behaviour and belief only in original situation Compliance ✔✔Belief stays the same, but behaviour changes in original situation Normative Social Influence ✔✔Desire to be accepted and fit in, normally leads to compliance Informational Social Influence ✔✔Desire to be right and have the correct beliefs, normally leads to internalisation NSI evaluation ✔✔+ ppts conformed in Asch's study to avoid being judged (36.8%) + when ppts wrote answers down, conformity dropped to 12.5% - ISI is also involved, so NSI isn't the only factor involved ISI evaluation ✔✔+ ppts conformed in Asch's study because they doubted their answers + conformity increased when the task was harder - NSI is also involved, so ISI isn't the only factor involved Asch's research - method ✔✔36 male student ppts Line judgement task: 12/18 were critical trials (where confederates gave wrong answers) Ppt was always the last to answer Asch's research - results ✔✔75% of ppts conformed at least once Overall conformity rate was 36.8% Asch's research - variations ✔✔Group size: above 3 confederates, the conformity rate lowered Unanimity: one dissenter reduced conformity to 9% Task difficulty: conformity increased Asch's research evaluation ✔✔- demand characteristics probably present - low external validity/mundane realism in task and groups + ppts were unaware of other conditions +High internal validity as he controlled variables - ethically the ppts were deceived Zimbardo's research - method ✔✔Mock prison Male students were assessed as emotionally stable to be ppts They were randomly allocated to either guard or prisoner roles Guards could make up own rules, etc. Zimbardo's research - results ✔✔Initial prisoner rebellion: guards used divide and rule punishment, gave arbitrary punishments Prisoners became anxious and subdued Ppts began to identify with their roles Lead to conformity to social roles Lasted only 6/14 days Zimbardo's research evaluation ✔✔+ High internal validity through random allocation - lack of external validity through low realism + ppts became very engaged in the situation - ethically poor protection from harm and Zimbardo was too involved Obedience ✔✔Following an order given by an authority figure Milgram's research - method ✔✔Controlled observation at Yale University Advertised in the local paper (wanted non-students) Word pair task - shock administered if incorrect answer was given Voltage shock increased by 15 up to 450v Experimenter used prods to keep ppts going Milgram's research - results ✔✔100% went to 300v 65% went to 450v Milgram's research - variations ✔✔Proximity: obedience dropped to 40% when learner was in the same room Proximity: obedience dropped to 20% when the experimenter was on the phone Location: obedience dropped to 47.5% in a run-down office Uniform: obedience dropped to 20% when confederate took over in civilian clothes Milgram's research evaluation ✔✔+ High internal validity through consistency in conditions and procedures - ppts may have worked out the procedure was fake + supported by Hofling's field expt on nurses - ethically lack of protection, deception and withdrawal Social-psychological factors ✔✔Agentic shift from autonomous state to agentic state, whereby you don't feel responsible but blame the authority figure Buffers make the shift more likely Look for legitimacy of authority from social hierarchies Social-psychological factors evaluation ✔✔+ Legitimacy of authority supported by Blass and Schmitt: students blamed authority figure in Milgram's film + army members regret their actions after war: suggests they were in agentic state - members of Police Battalion 101 killed Jews without orders - ignores personality variations Dispositional explanation ✔✔Authoritarian personality: obey and expect obedience Strict parenting forces child to follow parent's morality and therefore identify with authority Hostility repressed is displaced onto minorities with low social status Dispositional explanation evaluation ✔✔+ obedient ppts had higher authoritarian personality scores (Milgram and Elms) + Adorno found correlation between authoritarian personality and upbringing - Milgram and Elms' measure was flawed because of aquiescence bias - cannot explain widespread obedience, differences socially and racism Resistance to social influence ✔✔Non-conformity and disobedience Social support ✔✔Situational explanation Dissenter provides NSI and ISI Prevents mindless obedience Stops fear of appearing arrogant Social support evaluation ✔✔+ obedience was lowered by disobedient peers + Mullen et al: disobedience by a minority to jaywalking increased jaywalking + Allen and Levine: conformity dropped when a peer gave a different answer even if they were short-sighted + Asch: conformity dropped to 25% when confederate gave different answer, even if wrong [Show More]

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