Chapter_8_Wakefulness_and_Sleep: Questions and Answers

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1. Alternation between wakefulness and sleep depends completely on stimuli in the environment. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Endogenous Rhythms LEARN... ING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.01 - Define and describe endogenous rhythms. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 2. Young children are more likely to be “morning people” than older adults. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Endogenous Rhythms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.01 - Define and describe endogenous rhythms. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 3. Bright light late in the afternoon shortens the circadian rhythm. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Endogenous Rhythms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.01 - Define and describe endogenous rhythms. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 4. The mean preferred time of going to sleep gets later and later until about age 20 and then starts a gradual reversal. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Endogenous Rhythms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.01 - Define and describe endogenous rhythms. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 5. The dominant zeitgeber for land animals is light. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 6. Blind and deaf animals do not have circadian rhythms. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 7. Biological clocks are very resistant to environmental influences. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 8. The biological clock depends on part of the hypothalamus, called the suprachiasmatic nucleus. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 9. Melatonin is released by the SCN. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 10. Dreams only occur during REM sleep. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Stages of Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 11. After removing all sensory input to the brain, an animal would continue to have periods of sleep and wakefulness. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.05 - Discuss several consequences of thinking of sleep as a localized phenomenon. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 12. Orexin is not necessary for waking up, but it is for staying awake. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 13. Sleep apnea is characterized by sleep attacks during wakefulness. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Sleep Disorders LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.06 - List several sleep disorders with their causes. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 14. Temporary sleep deprivation causes the body to respond in a similar manner as it does to being ill. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Functions of Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.07 - Evaluate possible explanations of the functions of sleep. TOPICS: 8.3 Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? 15. The activation-synthesis theory of dreams argues that dreams are the result of random brain activity. a. b. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Biological Perspectives on Dreaming LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.08 - Describe possible explanations of dreaming. TOPICS: 8.3 Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? Multiple Choice 16. What does "endogenous" mean? a. occurring at regular intervals b. more likely to be learned c. sensitive to light/dark patterns d. generated from within ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Endogenous Rhythms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.01 - Define and describe endogenous rhythms. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 17. Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last ____. a. about an hour b. about a day c. about a week d. more than a day ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Endogenous Rhythms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.01 - Define and describe endogenous rhythms. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 18. Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals? a. sleep b. storage of body fat c. migration d. mating ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Endogenous Rhythms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.01 - Define and describe endogenous rhythms. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 19. Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would ____. a. increase dramatically over time b. cease to exist c. decrease over time d. remain relatively stable ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Endogenous Rhythms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.01 - Define and describe endogenous rhythms. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 20. A human's body temperature over the course of 24 hours is usually highest ____. a. about the time of awakening b. mid-morning c. mid to late afternoon d. in the middle of the night ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Endogenous Rhythms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.01 - Define and describe endogenous rhythms. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 21. Which statement is with regard to the duration of a self-generated sleep/activity cycle? a. It is unreliable in most species, and dependably close to 24 hours only in primates. b. It is longer if the organism is normally active in the dark. c. It rarely varies from one individual to another, if at all. d. It is highly consistent in a given individual in a given environment. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Endogenous Rhythms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.01 - Define and describe endogenous rhythms. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 22. Mammals have circadian rhythms ____. a. only for their sleep/activity cycle b. only for frequency of eating and drinking c. for sleep and body temperature only d. for a variety of activities, including sleep ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Endogenous Rhythms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.01 - Define and describe endogenous rhythms. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 23. Suppose you work on a submarine with only artificial light. You are required to follow a schedule of working for 12 hours and then sleeping for 6. What rhythm, if any, will your alertness and body temperature show? a. They will follow a rhythm of 18 hours. b. They will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours. c. They will follow a rhythm of 21 hours. d. They will cease to show any consistent rhythm. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Endogenous Rhythms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.01 - Define and describe endogenous rhythms. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 24. Based on research, it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be ____. a. shorter than 24 hours b. exactly 24 hours c. just over 24 hours d. closer to 28 hours ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Endogenous Rhythms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.01 - Define and describe endogenous rhythms. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 25. Social stimuli – that is, the effects of other people – are weak ____, unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity. a. effects b. motivators c. rhythms d. zeitgebers ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 26. An astronaut orbiting earth experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45-minutes periods of darkness. What is likely to happen? a. The alternating patterns allow for normal rhythm development. b. They are fully alert during wakeful periods. c. They are able to sleep during rest periods. d. They sleep poorly during rest periods. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 27. A person's circadian activity cycle would most likely drift out of phase with the activity of other people if the person ____. a. spends a period of time in the wilderness, away from clocks b. habitually eats a big meal just before bedtime c. spends a period of time in seclusion, away from sunlight d. lives near the equator, where the seasons do not vary ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 28. A "zeitgeber" is a(n) ____. a. biological clock b. animal that does not have a biological clock c. environmental cue that resets a biological clock d. body activity that is controlled by a biological clock ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 29. What is the principal zeitgeber for land animals? a. light b. the tides c. temperature d. barometric pressure ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 30. When traveling across time zones, how does the direction of travel affect one’s adjustment to the new time zone? a. Travel to the east is easier. b. Travel to the west is easier. c. The direction of travel makes no difference. d. The effect varies greatly from person to person. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 31. Which of the following would most likely help someone adjust to jet lag? a. taking a nap during the day b. taking melatonin when you need to wake up c. keeping the room light when you need to stay awake d. darkening the room when you need to stay awake ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 32. A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as ____. a. circashift b. phaselag c. jetlag d. zeitgeber ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 33. Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to ____. a. expose them to bright lights while they work b. keep the environmental temperature constant from night to day c. have them eat a big meal before going to sleep d. allow them to catnap ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 34. When studying disruptions to the biological clock in animals, what did Curt Richter find? a. Blinding animals strongly disrupted their clock. b. Rendering animals deaf strongly disrupted their clock. c. Long periods of forced activity strongly disrupted the clock. d. The biological clock is insensitive to most forms of interference. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 35. What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself? a. Light no longer resets the biological clock, but the animal continues generating a 24-hour rhythm. b. Animals' activity patterns become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles. c. Animals lose their biological rhythms of temperature, but keep other circadian rhythms. d. Animals begin to maintain a constant level of activity throughout the 24-hour day. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 36. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the ____. a. substantia nigra b. caudate nucleus c. thalamus d. hypothalamus ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 37. After damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body ____. a. cannot generate biological rhythms b. still has rhythms in synchrony with environmental patterns of light and dark c. still has rhythms, but they are less consistent d. still has rhythms, but they can only be reset by artificial light ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 38. If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they ____. a. no longer produce any activity b. continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm c. produce a 20-hour rhythm d. produce spontaneous bursts of activity, but on no rhythmic pattern ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 39. What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythms? a. Its neurons generate a 24-hour rhythm by themselves. b. Its neurons can reset the biological clock, but they do not generate it. c. It relays visual information to the biological clock. d. It relays information from the biological clock to areas that control temperature and activity. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 40. The SCN produces circadian rhythms by altering ____. a. blood pressure b. production of proteins c. action potential velocity d. axon myelination ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 41. Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through ____. a. exposure of the eyes to light b. barometric pressure c. the diet d. morning exercise ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 42. After isolating a neuron from the rest of the brain, you find that it has a moderately stable circadian rhythm. The most likely home of this neuron is in the ____. a. optic nerve b. MPOA c. SCN d. pineal gland ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 43. The SCN is located just above the ____. a. optic chiasm b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. visual cortex ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 44. A small branch of the optic nerve, known as the ____ path extends directly from the retina to the SCN. a. opticthalamic b. retinohypothalamic c. opticretinal d. retinothalamic ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 45. The circadian rhythm is reset by input from special ganglion cells in the retina. These ganglion cells are unusual in that they ____. a. receive input from only cones, not rods b. are located only in a doughnut-shaped band surrounding the fovea c. respond directly to light, but respond very slowly d. become active only at night or in very dim light ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 46. The input from the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, responsible for shifting the phase of the circadian rhythm, originates from ____. a. cones only b. ganglion cells that are not connected to any cones or rods c. cones and rods equally d. rods only ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 47. The proteins PER and TIM, originally discovered in insect but now found in mammals also, influence circadian rhythms by ____. a. building up during the day and declining during sleep b. being transformed into melatonin c. stimulating and inhibiting (respectively) the release of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex d. providing negative feedback from the muscles to the neurons that innervate them ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 48. The PER and TIM proteins accumulate during the day until they cause sleepiness. What prevents them from continuing to accumulate at night? a. Metabolic rates increase at night, so proteins are digested faster than they can be synthesized. b. The high levels of melatonin present at night react with the proteins to disable them. c. The proteins are unstable at the lower body temperatures that are typical at night. d. When the proteins reach a high level, they turn off the genes that produce them. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 49. When do the secretions of melatonin begin? a. just before a person awakens b. when body temperature is at its lowest c. when body temperature is at its highest d. a couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 50. The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms. a. androgen b. melanopsin c. melatonin d. estrogen ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of the Biological Clock LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.02 - Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock. TOPICS: 8.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping 51. Someone in a(n) ____ state alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, although even during the more aroused state, the person shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior. a. unconscious b. minimally conscious c. coma d. vegetative ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Sleep and Other Interruptions of Consciousness LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 52. A polysomnograph displays ____. a. action potentials of individual neurons b. a combination of EEG and eye-movement records c. the rate of glucose uptake in active regions of the brain d. the electrical resistance of the scalp ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Stages of Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 53. An electroencephalograph displays ____. a. action potentials of individual neurons b. a net average of all the neurons' potentials c. the rate of glucose uptake in active regions of the brain d. the electrical resistance of the scalp ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Stages of Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 54. Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity? a. NREM sleep b. nightmares c. relaxed wakefulness d. periods of great excitement ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Stages of Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 55. What do the EEG waves look like when brain activity is "desynchronized"? a. long, slow waves of large amplitude b. short, rapid waves of large amplitude c. regular alternation between waves of large amplitude and waves of small amplitude d. irregular waves with low amplitude ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Stages of Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 56. Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage? a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. stage 4 ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Stages of Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 57. Slow-wave sleep is comprised of ____. a. alpha wave sleep b. stages 1 and 2 c. stages 3 and 4 d. REM sleep ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Stages of Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 58. With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4), ____. a. breathing and heart rates increase b. brain activity increases c. slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number d. brain waves become smaller ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Stages of Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 59. EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because ____. a. the EEG measures muscle tension, which also decreases b. neurons are becoming more synchronized c. neurons are becoming more desynchronized d. blood flow is increasing ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Stages of Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 60. What is paradoxical about paradoxical sleep? a. It serves restorative functions, and yet the body has no apparent need for it. b. it is light sleep in some ways and deep sleep in other ways c. It depends on serotonin for its onset and acetylcholine for its offset. d. It is associated with dreaming although brain activity is low. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Paradoxical or REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 61. During REM sleep, the EEG shows ____. a. regular, high-voltage slow waves b. irregular, high-voltage slow waves c. regular, low-voltage slow waves d. irregular, low-voltage fast waves ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Paradoxical or REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 62. REM sleep is characterized by which of the following? a. tension and activity of the postural muscles b. low and steady heart and breathing rates c. a high level of brain activity d. a highly synchronized EEG pattern ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Paradoxical or REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 63. Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening Why? a. Blood pressure is too low. b. The motor nerves are inactive until body temperature reaches its normal level. c. An increase in light striking the eyes reflexively inhibits the motor neurons. d. Part of the brain is still asleep. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Paradoxical or REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 64. After entering stage 4 for the first time each evening, the sleeper typically ____. a. returns immediately to stage 1 b. enters REM c. cycles back through stages 3 and 2 d. wakes up ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Paradoxical or REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 65. For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again) last? a. 10 minutes b. 90 minutes c. 4 hours d. 7 hours ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Paradoxical or REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 66. Compared to the earlier part, the later part of a night's sleep ____. a. includes a larger percentage of REM sleep b. includes a lower percentage of REM sleep c. is characterized by declining body temperature d. has more slow wave sleep ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Paradoxical or REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 67. The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams ____. a. occur only in REM sleep b. occur only in NREM sleep c. are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep d. are more frequent and more vivid in NREM sleep ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Paradoxical or REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 68. What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have dreams? a. Ask them about their dreams immediately after they wake up in the morning. b. Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming. c. Wake them up during NREM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming. d. Ask them under hypnosis if they have had any dreams recently. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Paradoxical or REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 69. Typically, a person who falls asleep enters ____. a. stage 4 and slowly progresses through the stages 3, 2, 1 and then REM b. REM and then slowly progresses from stage 4, to 3, then 2, and lastly 1 c. stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4, but not necessarily in order d. stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4 in order ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Paradoxical or REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 70. In comparison to NREM dreams, REM dreams ____. a. are less likely to include striking visual imagery b. are more likely to include complicated plots c. do not contain violence d. are almost always less than five minutes ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Paradoxical or REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.03 - List and characterize the stages of sleep. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 71. After a cut through the midbrain separates the forebrain and part of the midbrain from all the lower structures, an animal ____. a. stops sleeping b. sleeps a normal amount per day, but lacks REM sleep c. enters a prolonged state of sleep d. alternates rapidly between sleep and wakefulness ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.05 - Discuss several consequences of thinking of sleep as a localized phenomenon. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 72. The ____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain. a. reticular formation b. tectum c. tegmentum d. thalamus ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 73. The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is ____. a. the single, critical system in arousing the cortex b. only one of several systems involved in arousal c. activated only by external stimuli d. activated only by internal stimuli ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.05 - Discuss several consequences of thinking of sleep as a localized phenomenon. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 74. Stimulation of the pontomesencephalon ____. a. awakens a sleeping individual b. decreases alertness in someone already awake c. shifts the EEG from short waves to long, slow waves d. delays the onset of the next REM period ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 75. One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the ____. a. tectomesencephalon b. pontomesencephalon c. corticomesencephalon d. rubromesencephalon ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 76. With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is ____. a. very active during sleep b. active when the pontomesencephalon is not c. almost completely inactive during sleep d. instrumental in waking us up ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.05 - Discuss several consequences of thinking of sleep as a localized phenomenon. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 77. In response to emotionally arousing events, the locus coeruleus releases ____. a. norepinephrine b. acetylcholine c. dopamine d. serotonin ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 78. Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for ____. a. getting to sleep b. waking up c. raising body temperature d. staying awake ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 79. Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing ____. a. norepinephrine b. acetylcholine c. dopamine d. serotonin ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.05 - Discuss several consequences of thinking of sleep as a localized phenomenon. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 80. Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they ____. a. block histamine b. stimulate acetylcholine c. decrease adenosine d. block GABA ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 81. During sleep, what happens in the brain? a. cessation of spontaneous activity in neurons b. increased firing by dopamine neurons c. decreased firing by dopamine neurons d. increased firing by GABA neurons ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.05 - Discuss several consequences of thinking of sleep as a localized phenomenon. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 82. During ____, cells in the pons send messages that inhibit the motor neurons that control the body’s large muscles. a. wakefulness b. REM sleep c. NREM sleep d. transitions from wakefulness to sleep or sleep to wakefulness ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 83. Research found that during REM sleep, activity ____. a. decreased in the pons, while it increased in the limbic system b. increased in the pons, while it decreased in the limbic system c. decreased in both the pons and the limbic system d. increased in both the pons and the limbic system ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Function in REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 84. PGO waves are associated with ____. a. NREM sleep b. REM sleep c. relaxation during wakefulness d. being awakened from REM sleep ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Function in REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 85. REM sleep is associated with ____. a. tension and activity of the postural muscles b. PGO waves in the brain c. a highly synchronized EEG pattern d. decreased heart rate ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Function in REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 86. The sequence of the bursts of neural activity during REM sleep is ____ a. lateral geniculate nucleus, pons, and occipital cortex b. occipital cortex, pons, and lateral geniculate nucleus c. pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital cortex d. pons, occipital lobe, and lateral geniculate nucleus ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Function in REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 87. It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from ____. a. dreaming b. sleeping too soundly c. acting out our dreams d. having difficulty falling asleep ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 88. A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have ____. a. interrupted or shortened REM sleep b. prolonged wakefulness c. prolonged NREM sleep d. enhanced dreaming ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Function in REM Sleep LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.04 - Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 89. What is a typical characteristic of insomnia? a. consistently feeling sleepy during the day b. consistently getting less than 6 hours of sleep per night c. spending at least 50% less REM sleep than normal d. spending more time in NREM sleep than in REM sleep ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Sleep Disorders LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.06 - List several sleep disorders with their causes. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 90. What is a likely consequence if someone's temperature rhythm is phase-delayed? a. waking up frequently during the night b. having problems going to sleep after losing your job c. difficulty falling asleep d. not breathing during the night ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Sleep Disorders LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.06 - List several sleep disorders with their causes. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 91. Which of these is characteristic of sleep apnea? a. involuntary movements of the arms and legs during sleep b. periods without breathing during sleeping c. tendency to fall asleep suddenly during the day d. sleep walking and sleep terrors ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Sleep Disorders LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.06 - List several sleep disorders with their causes. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 92. Which of the following increases risk of sleep apnea? a. puberty b. being female c. being obese d. vigorous exercise ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Sleep Disorders LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.06 - List several sleep disorders with their causes. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 93. The risk of sleep apnea is increased among which group of people? a. college students who are in finals week b. those who are addicted to tranquilizers c. men who are overweight d. people who work on swing shifts ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Sleep Disorders LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.06 - List several sleep disorders with their causes. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 94. Which condition has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness? a. narcolepsy b. sleep apnea c. REM behavior disorder d. omnambulism ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Sleep Disorders LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.06 - List several sleep disorders with their causes. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 95. What is narcolepsy? a. sleepwalking b. the inability to breathe while sleeping c. involuntary movements of the limbs while sleeping d. sudden periods of sleepiness during the day ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Sleep Disorders LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.08.06 - List several sleep disorders with their causes. TOPICS: 8.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms 96. What does cataplexy involve? a. dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality b. an attack of muscle weakness while awake c. a lack of inhibition of movement during REM sleep d. repeated involuntary movement of the legs or arms during sleep 97. What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality? a. hypnagogic hallucinations b. idiopathic hallucinations c. occipital illusions d. pseudo-psychedelic visions 98. Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to ____. a. sleep apnea b. narcolepsy c. insomnia d. periodic limb movement disorder 99. Repeated involuntary movements of the arms and legs that may prevent a person from falling asleep are known as ____. a. REM behavior disorder b. night terrors c. periodic limb movement disorder d. restless legs syndrome 100. People with REM behavior disorder ____. a. show intrusions of REM sleep into wakefulness b. show bizarre behaviors while awake due to REM deprivation at night c. enter REM sleep at unusual and unpredictable times d. move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams 101. Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____. a. occur during REM sleep b. occur during NREM sleep c. are far more common in adults than children d. usually involve sleep talking 102. When does sleep walking occur? a. only during REM sleep b. only during NREM sleep c. during both stage 3 and 4 sleep d. during the brief transition period between REM sleep and non-REM sleep 103. Which claim is most consistent with the evolutionary perspective of sleep? a. The function of sleep is similar to that of hibernation. b. More highly evolved species, such as humans, need more sleep than other species. c. During sleep, we relive the experiences of past generations. d. Sleep enables the body to repair and restore itself to promote survival. 104. A decrease in the amount of sleep most likely to affect the performance of migratory bird during ____. a. migration season b. NREM sleep. c. the daytime d. seasons other than migration 105. Young adults deprived of a night’s sleep show deficits on ____ tasks. a. verbal b. sensory c. memory d. motor 106. Another aspect of sleep’s contribution to memory relates to: a. delta waves b. sleep spindles c. alpha waves d. PKO spikes 107. Research suggests that REM is ____. a. important for all types of memory b. most important for strengthening memories of motor skills c. most important for strengthening memories of lists of words d. not important for strengthening memories of any kind 108. If we compare either different species or different ages, what trend emerges? a. The less total sleep, the higher the percentage of REM sleep b. The more total sleep, the higher the percentage of REM sleep c. The more activity during wakefulness, the higher the percentage of REM sleep d. The more activity during wakefulness, the lower the percentage of REM sleep 109. Among adult humans, those who sleep ____ or more hours per night have the highest percentage of REM sleep. a. 9 b. 5 c. 8 d. 10 110. Compared to REM, research suggests that NREM is ____. a. important for all types of memory b. important for strengthening memories of motor skills c. important for strengthening memories of lists of words d. not important for strengthening memories of any kind 111. REM sleep has been shown to ____. a. inhibit sexual arousal b. interfere with new learning c. strengthen the formation of new motor skills d. strengthen memories for new facts 112. A recent hypothesis proposed that the role of REM is ____. a. to shake the eyeballs back and forth in order to get sufficient oxygen to the corneas of the eyes b. to shake the eyeballs back and forth so the individual moves from REM to NREM c. no different than the role of NREM d. to bring to the surface the individual's unconscious wishes 113. According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect? a. the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity b. unconscious motivations and emotions c. experiences that have been part of the species' evolutionary history d. an imbalance among hormone levels 114. According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, it should be possible to predict (with better than chance accuracy) the content of a person's dreams if we know what information about the person? a. concentration of serotonin and acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex b. number and type of emotional experiences during the day c. stimuli currently acting on the body and areas of spontaneous brain activity d. time the person went to sleep and the current time 115. Which hypothesis/theory suggests that the primary motor cortex is suppressed so arousal during sleep cannot lead to action? a. Freud's theory of dreams b. the repair and restoration theory c. a clinico-anatomical hypothesis d. the evolutionary hypothesis Essay 116. Briefly describe the role of the locus coeruleus in arousal and attention. 117. Describe how light resets the SCN. 118. Describe brain function during REM sleep. 119. Discuss the relationship between sleep and memory. 120. Discuss the leading theories on the biological perspectives on dreaming. [Show More]

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