Chapter_9_Internal_Regulation: Questions and Answers

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/ 1. Homeostasis refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENC... ES: Homeostasis and Allostasis LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 2. Set points can change over time. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Homeostasis and Allostasis LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 3. The physiological changes that defend body temperature depend on areas in and near the hypothalamus. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 4. Vasopressin increases blood pressure by constricting the blood vessels. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of Water Regulation LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 5. Drinking pure water is the best way to reduce osmotic thirst. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Osmotic Thirst LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 6. Angiotensin II acts on the kidney to retain more sodium. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 7. The large intestine absorbs water and minerals. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Digestion and Food Selection LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 8. Most mammals at about the age of weaning lose the intestinal enzyme lactase. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Digestion and Food Selection LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 9. Stomach distension is necessary to produce satiety. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short and Long Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 10. CCK limits meal size. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short and Long Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 11. Obese people tend to produce more insulin than people of normal weight. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short and Long Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 12. The paraventricular nucleus normally inhibits meal size. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 13. Orexin inhibits appetite. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 14. The most simple and effective way to lose weight is to exercise more and eat less. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Eating Disorders LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 15. Anorexia is a problem stemming from a lack of appetite. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Eating Disorders LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger Multiple Choice 16. What defines a homeostatic process? a. the regulation of blood flow b. any process governed by hormones c. the maintenance of certain body variables within a fixed range d. reproduction involving distinct male and female genders in a species : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Homeostasis and Allostasis LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 17. Processes that reduce any discrepancies from the set point are known as ____. a. negative feedback b. positive feedback c. homeothermic d. thermostasis : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Homeostasis and Allostasis LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 18. The term ____ refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range. a. negative feedback b. positive feedback c. homeothermic d. thermostasis : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 19. A set point refers to ____. a. a very narrow range that the body works to maintain at a stable level b. the regulation of blood flow c. the release of hormones at a set point in time d. initiating a change in body temperature at a set point in time : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Homeostasis and Allostasis LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 20. Homeostasis is to ____ as allostasis is to ____. a. constant; variable b. variable; constant c. constant; decreasing d. variable; increasing : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Homeostasis and Allostasis LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 21. Humans expend most of their energy on which activity? a. walking, running, and other forms of locomotion b. in the beating of their hearts and blood circulation c. propagating action potentials in the billions of neurons in the nervous system d. maintaining basal metabolism : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 22. Poikilothermic organisms have body temperatures that ____. a. remain relatively constant no matter the change in the external environment b. are the same as the temperatures of their environments c. are nearly constant, although the brain temperature varies d. allow them to survive in very warm climates only : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 23. How do amphibians and reptiles control their body temperature? a. by evolving their gene pool b. by shivering and sweating c. by changing the reflectivity of their skin d. by choosing an appropriate area of the environment : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 24. Homeothermic organisms include ____. a. amphibians and reptiles b. reptiles and fish c. amphibians and fish d. mammals and birds : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 25. One advantage of being homeothermic is that it ____. a. reduces the fuel requirements of the body b. prevents excessive reliance on a single sensory system c. enables the individual to stay active when the environment is cool d. decreases the need for shivering and sweating : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.02 - Explain why a constant high body temperature is worth all the energy it costs. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 26. An advantage of maintaining a constant body temperature is that it ____. a. enables an animal to stay equally active at all environmental temperatures b. enables an animal to survive on a wider variety of diets c. minimizes the energy that must be expended on basal metabolism d. enables an animal to detect changes in the temperature of the environment : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.02 - Explain why a constant high body temperature is worth all the energy it costs. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 27. Why did mammals evolve a body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius? a. They benefit from being as warm as possible and as fast as possible. b. Their protein bonds begin to break at this temperature. c. Their body proteins are stable only at 37 degrees Celsius or above. d. They can only detect changes in the environment at this environment. : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.02 - Explain why a constant high body temperature is worth all the energy it costs. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 28. The temperature required by reproductive cells of birds and most mammals is ____. a. higher than the rest of the body b. lower than the rest of the body c. the same as the internal organs of the body d. fluctuating in direct opposition to changes in body temperature : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.02 - Explain why a constant high body temperature is worth all the energy it costs. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 29. Beyond about 40° or 41°C, ____ begin to break their bonds and lose their useful properties. a. RNA b. DNA c. cells d. proteins : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.02 - Explain why a constant high body temperature is worth all the energy it costs. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 30. The POA/AH monitors body temperature partly by monitoring ____. a. its own temperature b. brain temperature c. heart temperature d. the temperature of the thalamus : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 31. What evidence do we have that the preoptic area controls body temperature? a. After damage to the preoptic area, an animal will simultaneously sweat and shiver. b. Each cell in the preoptic area has a temperature at which it is most active. c. Removed cells maintain a constant temperature even in a cell culture. d. Heating or cooling the preoptic area leads to sweating or shivering. : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 32. Cells in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus monitor which temperatures? a. internal organs b. their own and the skin c. differences between the arteries and veins d. differences between internal organs and the skin : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 33. After damage to the preoptic area, an animal ____. a. eats a great deal and gains weight b. stops eating c. fails to sweat when overheating, but still shivers when cold d. fails to shiver and sweat sufficiently : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 34. How do adult mammals with damage to the preoptic area regulate their body temperature? a. physiologically b. pharmacologically c. behaviorally d. not at all : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.01 - List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 35. When bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other intruders invade the body, it mobilizes ____ to attack them. a. leptin b. cholecystokinin c. cytokines d. leukocytes : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.03 - Describe why a moderate fever is advantageous in fighting an infection. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 36. In response to infection, leukocytes release proteins called ____. a. leptin b. cholecystokinin c. cytokines d. insulin : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.03 - Describe why a moderate fever is advantageous in fighting an infection. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 37. A fever ____. a. develops independently of the preoptic area b. is part of the body's defense against an illness c. is an indication that the body is not yet fighting the infection d. serves to keep an animal warm during periods of reduced activity : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Controlling Body Temperature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.03 - Describe why a moderate fever is advantageous in fighting an infection. TOPICS: 9.1 Temperature Regulation 38. Approximately what percent of the mammalian body is composed of water? a. 10% b. 20% c. 50% d. 70% : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Introduction LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 39. Your posterior pituitary is most likely to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ____. a. if you are very thirsty b. shortly after drinking a large glass of water c. if you are very hungry d. shortly after eating a large meal : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of Water Regulation LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 40. Vasopressin raises blood pressure by ____. a. causing the blood vessels to dilate b. constricting the blood vessels c. increasing the blood's salt concentration d. decreasing the blood's salt concentration : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of Water Regulation LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 41. Diabetes insipidus literally means "passing without taste" because the urine is produced in such large quantities that it is tasteless. This disease is most likely caused by a problem with the production or release of ____. a. renin b. vasopressin c. angiotensinogen d. prostaglandins : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Mechanisms of Water Regulation LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 42. Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water? a. vasopressin b. prolactin c. thymosin d. ACTH : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Mechanisms of Water Regulation LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 43. Eating salty potato chips increases the concentration of sodium in the ____. a. extracellular fluid b. intracellular fluid c. nuclear fluid d. osmotic fluid : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Osmotic Thirst LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 44. The tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to the area of higher concentration is termed ____. a. hypovolemic pressure b. hypovolemic thirst c. osmotic pressure d. OVLT : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Osmotic Thirst LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 45. What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood? a. postprandial b. hypovolemic c. non-homeostatic d. osmotic : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Osmotic Thirst LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 46. The brain gets part of its information regarding low osmotic pressure from ____. a. receptors around the third ventricle b. the blood-brain barrier c. the subfornical organ d. thalamus : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Osmotic Thirst LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 47. What area of the brain is largely responsible for detecting osmotic pressure? a. substantia nigra b. red nucleus c. ventromedial hypothalamus d. OVLT and subfornical organ : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Osmotic Thirst LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 48. The brain can anticipate an osmotic need before the rest of the body actually experiences it ____. a. through the change in blood pressure b. because the stomach can detect high levels of sodium c. through detection of highly concentrated urine d. because of the rate of vasopressin release : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Osmotic Thirst LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 49. After a lesion to the lateral preoptic area, a rat would react to an increase in sodium levels by ____. a. drinking less and excreting highly concentrated urine b. drinking more and excreting a great deal of dilute urine c. increasing its activity level without changing the amount it drinks d. sweating profusely, but not drinking much : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Mechanisms of Water Regulation LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 50. The lateral preoptic area and surrounding parts of the hypothalamus control ____. a. CCK levels b. hunger c. drinking d. vasopressin levels : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Osmotic Thirst LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 51. What causes hypovolemic thirst? a. dryness of the throat b. low blood volume c. increased concentration of solutes in the blood d. too much salt in the diet : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 52. Like vasopressin, ____ constricts the blood vessels, compensating for the drop in blood pressure. a. angiotensin I b. angiotensin II c. renin d. sodium : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 53. Sodium-specific hunger is closely associated with ____. a. osmotic thirst b. hypovolemic thirst c. the OVLT d. decreased renin release : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 54. Vasopressin and angiotensin II are similar in that they both promote ____. a. increased urination b. decreased thirst c. decreased blood pressure d. increased blood pressure : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 55. Hypovolemic thirst ____. a. depends mostly on the lateral preoptic area b. can be satisfied better by salt water than by pure water c. is stimulated by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood d. can only be satisfied by drinking a great deal of pure water : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 56. Hypovolemia induces thirst by the production of which hormone? a. CCK b. insulin c. prolactin d. angiotensin II : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 57. What effect does the hormone angiotensin II have? a. increased storage of food as fat b. constriction of blood vessels c. decreased emptying of the stomach d. increased growth of the gonads : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 58. The hormone aldosterone results in the ____. a. conservation of water b. excretion of sodium c. conservation of sodium d. decreased preference for salty tastes : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 59. A combination of the hormones aldosterone and angiotensin II leads to an increase in preference for ____ tastes. a. sweet b. sour c. salty d. bitter : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.04 - Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each. TOPICS: 9.2 Thirst 60. Small birds generally eat ____. a. as much as they can at one time b. only what they need at the moment c. three discrete meals per day d. mostly during the night : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Digestion and Food Selection LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 61. What is the first point in the digestive system where enzymes begin to break down food? a. mouth b. esophagus c. stomach d. small intestine : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Digestion and Food Selection LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 62. The esophagus brings food from the ____. a. mouth to the stomach b. stomach to the sphincter c. sphincter to the intestines d. stomach to the intestines : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Digestion and Food Selection LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 63. What is the main site for absorption of digested food into the bloodstream? a. esophagus b. stomach c. small intestine d. large intestine : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Digestion and Food Selection LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 64. The small intestine ____. a. absorbs water and minerals b. digests proteins, fats, and carbohydrates c. is the secondary site for the absorption of digested foodstuffs into the bloodstream d. stores excess nutrients as glycogen, protein, or fat : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Digestion and Food Selection LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 65. The large intestine ____. a. absorbs water and minerals b. digests proteins, fats, and carbohydrates c. is the main site for the absorption of digested foodstuffs into the bloodstream d. stores excess nutrients as glycogen, protein, or fat : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Digestion and Food Selection LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 66. Most young mammals stop nursing, at least partly, due to the loss of what ability? a. metabolizing the sugar in milk b. sucking sufficiently c. the Babinski reflex d. digesting the fat in milk : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Digestion and Food Selection LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 67. People who are lactose intolerant can consume a little milk, and larger amounts of ____, which are easier to digest. a. cheese and yogurt b. meats c. fruits and vegetables d. beans : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Digestion and Food Selection LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 68. The ability to digest lactose varies in a patchy way from place to place on which continent? a. Asia b. Europe c. Africa d. Antarctica : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Digestion and Food Selection LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 69. A common misconception is that eating turkey increases the body’s supply of ____, which enables the brain to make chemicals that make you sleepy. a. lactase b. tryptophan c. lacrose d. sucrose : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Digestion and Food Selection LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 70. Tryptophan enters the brain by an active-transport protein that it shares with ____ and other large amino acids. a. phenylalanine b. melatonin c. lactose d. glucose : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Digestion and Food Selection LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 71. Taste and other mouth sensations contribute to ____. a. hunger b. satiety c. thirst d. overeating : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 72. In sham-feeding, animals are ____. a. allowed to chew but not swallow b. allowed to chew and swallow, but the food never enters the stomach c. only allowed to eat a mixture devoid of nutrients d. only allowed to eat an artificial substance : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 73. The brain finds out about the degree of stretch of the stomach from ____. a. visual feedback b. the hormone angiotensin c. sensory receptors on the skin of the abdomen d. activity of the vagus nerve : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 74. By what means does the brain find out about the nutrient content of food in the stomach? a. hormones b. activity of the vagus nerve c. activity of the splanchnic nerves d. the duodenum : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 75. The vagus nerve is to ____ as the splanchnic nerves are to ____. a. stomach fullness; nutrient contents of the stomach b. the taste of food; the texture of food c. nutrient contents of the stomach; water contents of the stomach d. oral factors (such as chewing and taste); stomach fullness : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 76. When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases which hormone? a. CCK b. aldosterone c. angiotensin II d. prolactin : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 77. One interpretation of how the hormone CCK promotes satiety is that it ____. a. speeds up the digestive processes in the intestines b. increases the rate at which glucose enters the cells of the body c. causes the stomach to fill more quickly d. facilitates the emptying of the stomach : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 78. The blood's glucose level ordinarily remains relatively constant because of the activity of ____. a. CCK. b. the liver c. the thyroid gland d. the gall bladder : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 79. Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose leaves the blood and enters the cells? a. CCK b. aldosterone c. glucagon d. insulin : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 80. Glucagon stimulates the liver to ____. a. convert glucose to glycogen b. store glucose c. convert glycogen to glucose d. decrease blood glucose levels : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 81. What happens when insulin levels are high? a. Fat supplies are converted to glucose, which enters the blood. b. Fat supplies are depleted. c. Glucose entry into the cells increases. d. The sphincter muscle between the stomach and the duodenum opens. : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 82. Chronically high insulin levels lead to increased appetite by ____. a. lowering body temperature, increasing the need for nutrition b. preventing glucose from entering the cells c. causing a high percentage of available glucose to be stored as fat d. directly altering the responses of the taste buds : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 83. Through what mechanism does insulin affect appetite? a. It enables stored nutrients to enter the blood stream. b. It enables glucose in the blood stream to enter the cells. c. It converts other nutrients into glucose. d. It converts glucose into other nutrients. : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 84. Why do both high levels and very low levels of insulin lead to increased eating? a. Glucose leaves the blood to be stored as fat. b. Fat supplies are being rapidly converted to glucose. c. Little glucose is reaching the cells to be used as fuel. d. Activity of the taste buds is directly enhanced. : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 85. For most obese individuals, giving them leptin would ____. a. decrease appetite b. increase appetite c. increase sensitivity to leptin d. produce little effect : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 86. Which group would most likely benefit from taking leptin? a. anorexic patients b. normal obese people c. obese people with faulty leptin receptors d. obese people who fail to produce leptin : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 87. Leptin is produced by ____. a. the paraventricular nucleus b. body fat c. neuropeptide Y d. orexin A : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 88. High levels of leptin are associated with ____. a. decreased activity and eating b. increased activity and eating c. decreased activity and increased eating d. increased activity and decreased eating : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 89. Many kinds of information impinge onto two kinds of cells in one nucleus of the hypothalamus, which is regarded as the “master area” for control of appetite. That area is the ____. a. suprachiasmatic nucleus b. sexually dimorphic nucleus c. solitary nucleus d. arcuate nucleus : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 90. Which area of the hypothalamus seems to be critical for the ending of meals? a. lateral hypothalamus b. ventromedial hypothalamus c. preoptic area d. paraventricular nucleus : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 91. An increase in the size of meals is most likely to occur following damage to which area of the hypothalamus? a. paraventricular b. lateral c. preoptic d. ventromedial : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 92. Leptin directly activates receptors in the part of the hypothalamus known as the ____. a. paraventricular nucleus b. ventromedial hypothalamus c. arcuate nucleus d. lateral preoptic area : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 93. Ghrelin is associated with ____ in the periphery and ____ in the brain. a. CCK release; inhibition of the arcuate nucleus b. leptin release; inhibition of the arcuate nucleus c. stomach contractions; excitation of the arcuate nucleus d. stomach distension; excitation of the arcuate nucleus : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 94. In the control of appetite, CCK, leptin, and insulin converge their effects onto hypothalamic cells that release transmitters in the ____ family. a. melanocortin b. endorphin c. acetylcholine d. purine : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 95. Hunger and satiety-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus affect neurons in the ____, thereby affecting meal size. a. paraventricular nucleus b. lateral hypothalamus c. OVLT d. ventromedial hypothalamus : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 96. A drug that stimulates melanocortin receptors would most likely ____. a. increase meal frequency b. increase leptin production c. decrease meal size d. increase meal size : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 97. When neuropeptide Y inhibits the paraventricular nucleus, it ____. a. leads to extreme undereating b. produces extreme overeating c. depletes fat stores d. interferes with digestion : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 98. Which event would lead to eating a larger than normal meal? a. increasing leptin levels b. decreasing NPY levels c. increasing NPY levels d. damaging the lateral hypothalamus : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 99. Output from the paraventricular nucleus acts on the ____. a. preoptic area b. ventromedial hypothalamus c. lateral hypothalamus d. baroreceptors : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 100. After damage to the lateral hypothalamus, animals ____. a. show normal osmotic thirst but not hypovolemic thirst b. show normal hypovolemic thirst but not osmotic thirst c. eat less d. eat more : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 101. Electrical stimulation of a rat's lateral hypothalamus would most likely result in ____. a. an increase in food seeking behaviors b. a decrease in food seeking behaviors c. a decrease in chewing and other reflexes associated with eating d. damage to dopamine-containing axons passing through it : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 102. The ____ increases the pituitary gland’s secretion of hormones that increase insulin secretion. a. occipital cortex b. lateral hypothalamus c. medial part of the hypothalamus d. pineal gland : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 103. An animal has trouble digesting its food after damage to the ____. a. occipital cortex b. lateral hypothalamus c. medial part of the hypothalamus d. pineal gland : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 104. What is one reason why animals with a lesion in the lateral hypothalamus eat so little? a. They are constantly active and over-responsive to sensory stimuli. b. All the food they eat is immediately converted into fat storage. c. They experience a decreased cortical response to the smell and sight of food. d. They have low levels of blood sugar. : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 105. An animal is most likely to eat more frequently and gain weight after damage to the ____. a. preoptic area b. areas surrounding the third ventricle c. ventromedial hypothalamus d. lateral hypothalamus : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 106. After damage in and around the ventromedial hypothalamus, animals are more likely to ____. a. overeat and gain weight b. refuse food and lose weight c. produce low levels of the hormone CCK d. be slow in their digestion : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 107. Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus leads to eating ____. a. the same, but drinking less than normal amounts b. the same large amount each meal, regardless of the taste c. less d. normal-sized meals, but eating them more frequently : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 108. After damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus, an animal will most likely ____. a. increase its activity level b. eat much more at any given meal c. overeat when presented with a sweetened diet d. only undereat when presented with a very sweet food : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.09.05 - Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety. TOPICS: 9.3 Hunger 109. The increasing prevalence of obesity obviously relates to the increased availability of our diet and ____. a. depression b. psychological distress c. increased activity d. sedentary lifestyle 110. A Danish study correlating the weights of 540 adopted children with various adoptive and biological relatives found ____. a. a higher correlation with biological relatives than adoptive relatives b. a higher correlation with adoptive siblings than with biological siblings c. the same correlation with biological relatives and adoptive relatives d. a higher correlation with biological relatives during childhood but a higher correlation with adoptive relatives in adulthood 111. Obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome is linked to a problem with ____. a. melanocortin b. ghrelin c. NPY d. leptin 112. More Native American Pimas are overweight now than in the early 1900s because of a change in which aspect of their lives? a. diet b. stress c. exercise d. education 113. Fructose, used in corn syrup as a sweetener, may lead to increased obesity by ____. a. failing to trigger satiety b. having more calories than other sugars c. slowing fat digestion d. enhancing PVN activity 114. On average, people with bulimia show a variety of biochemical abnormalities, including increased production of ____. a. insulin b. ghrelin c. dopamine d. orlistat 115. What does the eating cycle of bulimia have in common with addictive drugs? a. Both activate the brain's reinforcement areas. b. Starvation decreases their cravings. c. Both can be relieved with morphine. d. Exercise increases the intensity of effect. Essay 116. Describe the different causes and mechanisms of osmotic thirst. 117. How does cholecystokinin limit meal size? 118. Describe the brain mechanisms involved in shivering, sweating, and changes in blood flow to the skin. 119. Describe the major brain mechanisms of eating and hunger. 120. Describe how bulimia nervosa resembles drug addiction. [Show More]

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