University Of Arizona - ANTH 170C1EXAM 3-Homeworks. 100% Graded

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University Of Arizona - ANTH 170C1EXAM 3-Homeworks Chapter 2: Cellular Basis of Variability and Evolution Question: Match the following terms with the correct definition A. Autosome a. A type ... of chromosome that is not a sex-determining chromosome B. Male mammal a. An individual with one X and one Y sex chromosome C. Somatic cell a. Cells that make up the body of an organism D. Female mammal a. An individual with two X chromosomes E. Sex-linked inheritance a. The passing on of genes located on sex chromosomes F. Autosomal inheritance a. The passing on of genes located on non-sex chromosomes G. Sex cell a. Sperm and egg cells H. Sex chromosome a. A type of chromosome that determines the sex of an organism Question: Match the following cell structure with the correct role A. Cytoplasm a. The fluid/gel-like substance within the cell in which the cells organelles are found B. Ribosomes a. Help synthesize proteins by converting mRNA into chains of amino acids C. Nucleus a. Houses the DNA within a cell D. Mitochondria a. Many small organelles within a cell that produce the cell's energy Question: The DNA within a mitochondria is the same as the DNA within the nucleus of a cell? A. True B. False Question: Half of the DNA within a mitochondria is inherited from an organism's mother and the other half comes from the organism's father? A. True B. False Question: Match the following terms with the correct definition A. Meiosis a. The process of making sex cells such that each daughter cell has half the number of chromosomes as the mother cell. Each daughter cell gets only one copy of each chromosome (1-23 if human) B. Diploid cell a. A cell that has two copies of each chromosome C. Chromatid a. A long segment of DNA that makes up half of a chromosome after the chromosome has gone through DNA replication at the beginning of either mitosis or meiosis D. Mitosis a. The process of making new body cells such that mother and daughter cells each have a complete set of chromosomes (23 pairs = 46 total in humans) E. Homologous chromosomes a. Chromosomes that have the same genes on them (e.g. chromosome 3 from the mother and chromosome 3 from the father) F. Haploid cell a. A cell that has only one copy of each chromosome G. Gamete a. Sex cell (sperm or egg) Question: When crossing over occurs in prophase 1 of meiosis, which structures exchange bits? (choose all that apply) A. Chromosomes B. Chromatids C. Centromeres D. Homologous chromosomes E. Cells Question: Match the following terms with the correct definition A. Monosomy a. An individual who has only one of any particular type (chromosome 1,2,3, …22,XY) of chromosome B. Nondisjunction a. When homologous chromosomes fail to separate during anaphase 1 of meiosis C. Zygote a. The first cell formed when a sperm unites with an egg D. Trisomy a. An individual who has three copies of one of the types (chromosome 1,2,3, …22,XY) of chromosomes Question: Select the correct answer for each blank: The process of copying segment of DNA within the nucleus into a strand of mRNA is known as translation/transcription. The process of whereby stands of mRNA are used to synthesize a strand of amino acids that will eventually form a protein, is known as transcription/translation. A. Translation, transcription B. Transcription, translation Question: Choose the best term for each blank: Homozygous/homologous refers to two chromosomes that have the same types of genes on them while homozygous/homologous refers to an individual who has two of the same alleles for one gene. A. Homologous, homozygous B. Homozygous, homologous Question: Choose the best phrase for each blank: The principle of segregation/independent assortment refers to the two copies (alleles) of a particular gene which will be separated when sex cells are created. The principle of segregation/independent assortment refers to different genes that are on different chromosomes, which may or may not be separated when sex cells are created. A. Independent assortment, segregation B. Segregation, independent assortment Question: Alleles that are on the same chromosome will always appear in the same sex cell? A. True B. False Question: Mendelian inheritance applies to which types of traits? A. Continuous B. Discontinuous C. Both continuous and discontinuous Question: The categories of dominant and recessive apply to which types of traits? A. Continuous B. Discontinuous C. Both continuous and discontinuous Question: Mutations that occur during which process have the potential to be acted upon by natural selection (hint-review definition of natural selection)? A. Mitosis B. Meiosis C. Both mitosis and meiosis Chapter 3: Genetics and the Process of Microevolution Question: The purpose of the Hardy -Weinberg Equation is to: (choose best two). A. Calculate actual allele frequencies B. Calculate expected allele frequencies C. To determine whether a population is in a state of equilibrium or undergoing evolution Question: Match the following sources of genetic variation with the correct description A. Founder Effect a. Small sub-populations that, by chance, have different allele frequencies than their large parent population, move to a new region and start a new population which then has a different allele frequency than the original parent population B. Genetic Drift a. Random changes in allele frequencies within a population over time due to chance C. Recombination a. Shuffling of allele combinations during Meiosis 1 D. Mutation a. The original source of all variation E. Gene Flow a. Changing allele frequencies due to migration between populations Question: Which genotype has the highest fitness in areas where malaria is prevalent? A. HbS, HbS B. HbS, HbA C. HbA, HbA Question: Which genotype has the highest fitness in areas where malaria is absent? A. HbS, HbS B. HbS, HbA C. HbA, HbA Strassmann Article Reading Question: True or False: Women in modern societies are at higher risk for breast cancer than women in non-contraceptive populations? A. True B. False Question: Which of the following is NOT a new factor that we humans have had a relatively long time to adapt to? A. Many menstrual cycles per year in females throughout the reproductive years (NOT THIS) B. Living into old age C. Low levels of physical activity D. Near constant access to large amounts of protein, calories, and fat (NOT THIS) Answer: B or D?? Question: What was the most common reproductive state for Dogon women aged 20-34? A. Cycling B. Pregnant C. In lactational amenorrhea D. None of the above Question: What was the most common number of menstrual cycles for Dogon women in Dr. Strassman’s study over her two year study period? A. 0-1 B. 2-3 C. 4-5 D. 6-7 E. 8-9 F. 10-11 G. 12-13 Question: High breast cancer incidence in contraceptive, westernized population is likely the result of a mismatch to which of the following lifestyle factors? (I.e. what are women in these populations probably not well-adapted to?) A. Contraceptives B. Nearly constant access to high-calorie, high-fat food items C. Low levels of physical activity D. All of the above Question: True or False: Women in modern societies have fewer menstrual cycles than women in non-contraceptive societies? A. True B. False Question: Which of the following is NOT associated with higher rates of breast cancer? A. Fewer kids B. A diet that consists of more calories C. A late age at first birth D. High levels of physical activity E. Short periods of breast feeding F. An early age of menarche Chapter 16: The Human Life Cycle Question: Growth and development are synonymous terms? A. True B. False Question: During the first 12 weeks of pregnancy the developing offspring is known as a/an embryo/fetus, from 12 weeks until birth the developing offspring is known as a/an embryo/fetus. A. Embryo, embryo B. Embryo, fetus C. Fetus, embryo D. Fetus, fetus Question: Birth weight is associated with which of the following (choose all that apply): A. Childhood and adult health B. The likelihood that and infant will survive C. Infant mortality rates within a population Question: From birth to 28 days old and individual is referred to as a/an neonate/infant/fetus and from 29 days to age 3 an individual is referred to as a/an neonate/infant/toddler. A. Neonate, neonate B. Neonate, infant C. Neonate, toddler D. Infant, neonate E. Infant, toddler F. Fetus, toddler Question: Compared with permanent teeth, there are ___________ deciduous teeth. A. More B. Fewer C. The same number of Question: A human female can generally become pregnant as soon as she starts to menstruate? A. True B. False Question: From age 2 through the completion of growth, both males and females have continuous increases in height, weight, and body mass index. A. True B. False Question: How many types of muscle are there? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 Question: The number of muscle fibers that an individual will have as an adult is determined A. Before birth B. At birth C. At the start of childhood D. At the start of puberty E. At the start of adulthood F. By activity levels and constantly changes throughout life Question: At what age on average does the growth of leg bones, as indicated by a replacement of cartilage with bone, end? A. By age 18 B. Between ages 18 and 21 C. Before age 25 D. Before age 50 E. By age 16 Chapter 14: Bipedalism and the Evolution of Extended Childhood Question: Which of the following forms of locomotion have been hypothesized to precede bipedalism in humans (choose all that apply): A. Walking above branches on all four limbs B. Walking on the ground using all four limbs C. Climbing up and down trees with the head positioned above the body D. Walking on all fours with weight supported on the backs of the front knuckles E. Vertical leaping from tree to tree Question: Which of the following factors has been hypothesized to select for bipedalism in early hominins? (choose all that apply) A. Shrinking forests habitats B. An improved ability to see predators over tall grass C. An improved ability to bring back scavenged and hunted foods to group mates D. Increased energy efficiency for long day ranges E. Sexual selection Question: Birth in australopithecines would have been more difficult than in chimpanzees because australopithecines have larger brains and therefore, larger head sizes at birth. A. True B. False Question: Primates are characterized by altricial/precocial patterns of growth compared with other mammals which means that they are relatively less/more developed. A. Altricial, less B. Altricial, more C. Precocial, less D. Precocial, more Question: Humans are characterized by altricial/precocial patterns of growth compared with other primates which means that they are relatively less/more developed. A. Altricial, less B. Altricial, more C. Precocial, less D. Precocial, more Question: Neoteny can be defined as A. Retention of childlike traits into adulthood B. A delay in the development of adult traits Question: Hypermorphosis can be defined as A. The presence of childlike traits in adult organisms B. An extension of the period of growth and development C. A greater degree in change in morphology between the juvenile and adult organism. Question: According to the author, the behavioral trait of extensive food-sharing between adults and younger individuals would have been selected for due to A. Increased altriciality at birth B. A shift in diet towards foods that are more spread out, unpredictable, and difficult to get [Show More]

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